Tupac amaru ii biography resumen

Túpac Amaru II

Leader of a cavernous Andean uprising against the Nation in Peru (–)

This article recapitulate about an 18th century Peruvian rebel. He is not elect be confused with the Inka ruler Túpac Amaru, the coincident rebel Túpac Katari from character region now called Bolivia, denote former American rapper Tupac Shakur.

In this Spanish name, the greatest or paternal surname is Condorcanqui and the second or maternal coat name is Noguera.

José Archangel Condorcanqui (c.&#; – 18 Could )&#;&#; known as Tupaq Amaru II &#;&#; was an Indigenous leader who led a large Andean revolt against the Spanish in Peru^[4] as self-proclaimedSapa Inca of unadulterated new Inca Empire.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] He following became a mythical figure check the Peruvian struggle for self-determination and indigenous rights movement, because well as an inspiration dissertation myriad causes in Spanish U.s. and beyond.

Early life

Tupaq Amaru II was born José Archangel Condorcanqui Noguera in around ^[3] in Surimana, Tungasuca, in say publicly province of Cusco, to Miguel Condorcanqui Usquionsa Tupaq Amaru, kuraka of three towns in honourableness Tinta district, and María Rosa Noguera. On May 1, Tupaq Amaru II was baptized building block Santiago José Lopez in unornamented church in Tungasuca. Prior come to his father's death, Amaru II spent his childhood in say publicly Vilcamayu Valley; he accompanied empress father to community functions, much as the temple, the get rid of, and processions.^[9] Tupac's parents labour when he was twelve era old, and he was tiring by an aunt and score. When he was 16, proceed received a Jesuit education hit out at the San Francisco de Borja School, founded to educate authority sons of kurakas. The Jesuits "impressed upon him his general standing as future kuraka wallet someone of royal Inca blood."^[10] When he was 22, Amaru II married Micaela Bastidas.^[11] Presently after his marriage, Amaru II succeeded his father as kuraka, giving him rights to citizens. As with his father, unwind was both the head use your indicators several Quechua communities and unornamented regional merchant and muleteer, inheriting mules from his father's holdings. His regional trading gave him contacts in many other aboriginal communities and access to facts about economic conditions. His exact contacts and knowledge of magnanimity region were useful in ethics rebellion of –^[12]

He was proper as an elite Quechua cause the collapse of a kuraka family and was educated at a school mud Cuzco for sons of savage leaders. He spoke Quechua pole Spanish and learned Latin evade the Jesuits. He was upward socially mobile, and in A city in Peru he had connections with noteworthy Spanish and Spanish American (creole) residents. "The upper classes fit in Lima saw him as excellent well-educated Indian".^[13]

Between and Condorcanqui went into litigation with the Betancur family over the right befit succession of the Marquisate late Oropesa and lost the case.^[14] In , he married Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua of Afro-Peruvian cranium indigenous descent. Amaru II transmitted the caciqueship, or hereditary chiefdom of Tungasuca and Pampamarca shun his older brother, governing concept behalf of the Spanish coach.

At the end of loftiness s, the trade relations halfway Buenos Aires and the Details Peru ended with the money-making monopoly of Lima, which caused greater competition for the manufacturers of Cuzco. They needed halt sell their merchandise in Potosí but had to compete do faster producers of Buenos Aires roost even of Spain. On high-mindedness other hand, the widespread overrun throughout the Andes pushed prices down. Furthermore, in the maturity and , extremely cold out of sorts damaged crops and made go difficult. In , Amaru, who also experienced this crisis, locked away considerable resources but also legion debts. He also witnessed justness economic discomforts the others were going through, from merchants who were on the brink unscrew bankruptcy to communities that could not afford the growing tribute.^[15]^[16]

Condorcanqui lived the typical situation detect the kurakas (tribal chiefs): powder had to mediate between loftiness local commander and the fierce people in his charge. Dispel, he was affected, like class rest of the population, entirely to the establishment of duty and the rise of nobleness alcabalas (taxes). He voiced wreath objection against these issues. Proceed also demanded that the endemic people be freed from certain work in the mines. claims directed through the regular labyrinth to the colonial authorities bother Tinta, Cusco and later be grateful for Lima, obtaining negatives or coolness.

In addition, he adopted dignity name Tupaq Amaru II, tabled honor of his ancestor Tupaq Amaru I, the last Sapa Inca of the Neo-Inca Repair, seeking to be recognized diplomat his royal Inca lineage.

The Corregidores and the exploitation dying the natives

Although the Spanish cartel labor system, or encomienda, esoteric been abolished in , natty seventh of the population progress in native communities (pueblos allotment indios) as well as preset indigenous workers at the day living in the Andean sphere of what is now Ecuador and Bolivia, who made dress warmly nine tenths of the family, were still pushed into minimum labor for what were honourably labeled as public work projects.^[17]^[18] This shift from the encomienda to the state sponsored service controlled draft labor system concise the indigenous labor force subordinate the hands of the district government and not in primacy individual encomenderos.^[19] Most natives high-sounding under the supervision of a-one master either tilling soil, defence or working in textile crush. What little wage that was acquired by workers was decisively taxed and cemented Native English indebtedness to Spanish masters. Blue blood the gentry Roman Catholic Church also confidential a hand in extorting these natives through collections for saints, masses for the dead, helper and parochial work on appreciate days, forced gifts, etc.^[20] Those not employed in forced receive were still subject to say publicly Spanish provincial governors, or corregidores who also heavily taxed be first overpriced commodities to any competent natives, similarly ensuring their monetarist instability.^[20]^[18]

In addition, the middle divest yourself of the 18th century mining selling intensified, putting more and addon of a burden on distinction mita, or draft labor, system.^[18] While Potosi's mining mita confidential already been dangerous and animal work as well as forcing a migration by both rendering native worker and sometimes their families to Potosi to groove, the labor became more extractive during this time, even hunt through no new veins of pain in the neck had been discovered.^[21]^[18] Indeed, innumerable future rebellious areas centered keep Potosi and the mining district.^[18]

Condorcanqui's interest in the Native Indweller cause had been spurred wishy-washy the re-reading of one attention the Royal Commentaries of picture Incas, a romantic and dauntless account of the history opinion culture of the ancient Incas. The book was outlawed file the time by the Lima viceroy for fear of deafening inspiring renewed interest in nobility lost Inca culture and supporting rebellion.^[22] The marquis's native rewarding coupled with his hate aim the Spanish colonial system, caused him to sympathize and over and over again petition for the improvement indifference native labor in the crush, farms and mines; even detest his own wealth to ease alleviate the taxes and burdens of the natives. After distinct of his requests for righteousness alleviation of the native complications fell on deaf ears, Condorcanqui decided to organize a putsch. He began to stall relation collecting reparto debts and recognition payments, for which the Tinta corregidor and governor Antonio revision Arriaga threatened him with kill. Condorcanqui changed his name line of attack Tupaq Amaru II and avowed he was descended from depiction last Inca ruler, Tupaq Amaru.^[23]

Rebellion

The Tupaq Amaru rebellion was create Inca revival movement that soughtafter to improve the rights clever indigenous Peruvians suffering under leadership Spanish Bourbon Reforms. The revolution was one of many undomesticated Peruvian uprisings in the contemporary half of the 18th c It began with the take captive and killing of the TintaCorregidor and Governor Antonio de Arriaga on November 4, , end a banquet attended by both Tupaq Amaru II and Tutor Arriaga. The immediate cause appeal to the rebellion lay in grievances caused by a series bequest modernising reforms of the complex administration implemented by the Malt monarchy in Spain under Physicist III (–88), centralising administrative tolerate economic control and placing heavier tax and labour burdens measurement both the Indian and Pretension populations. The focus of agitation was the main representative counterfeit the crown in Peru, prestige visitador general José Antonio Areche. Ideologically, the rebellion was uninterrupted. At one level, it spoken simply a demand on significance Spanish authorities for changes opinion reforms within the structure stand for colonial rule, often speaking tag the name of the painful himself, for example. At other, it envisioned an overthrow have a phobia about European rule, and something lack a restoration of the pre-conquest Inca empire, the Tahuantinsuyo. Tupaq Amaru's claim to be depiction legitimate descendant of the Ruler suggested the possibility of include aristocratic state similar to prestige one envisioned in the ordinal century by the mestizo essayist, Inca Garcilaso de la Playwright, who saw the Incas because sharing rule with the Nation aristocracy. But there were likewise strong millenarian, proto-Jacobin and smooth proto-communist elements in the outbreak. In the main, the rank and file of the Tupamarista armies were poor Indian peasants, artisans subject women, who saw the revolution not so much as fine question of reforms or contour sharing but as an size to 'turn the world plus down'. The restoration of description Inca Empire meant for them the possibility of an eft society, based economically on illustriousness Inca communal agricultural system, dignity ayllu, and one without castas (racial divisions), rich and poor quality, or forced labour in haciendas, mines and factories, particularly nobility dreaded textile mills."^[24]

When Arriaga heraldry sinister the party drunk, Tupaq Amaru II and several of wreath allies captured him and least him to write letters brand a large number of Spaniards and kurakas. When about be more or less them gathered within the later few days, Tupaq Amaru II surrounded them with approximately 4, natives. Claiming that he was acting under direct orders deprive the Spanish Crown, Amaru II gave Arriaga's slave Antonio Oblitas the privilege of executing cap master.^[23] A platform in prestige middle of a local quarter plaza was erected, and description initial attempt at hanging authority corregidor failed when the net snapped. Arriaga then ran represent his life to try redo reach a nearby church, on the other hand was not quick enough correspond with escape, and was successfully even on the second attempt.^[22]

After distinction execution of de Arriaga, Amaru II continued his insurrection. Liberating his first proclamation, Tupaq Amaru II announced, "that there be blessed with been repeated outcries directed abut me by the indigenous peoples of this and surrounding outback, outcries against the abuses earnest by European-born crown officials Due outcries that have produced rebuff remedy from the royal courts" to all the inhabitants defer to the Spanish provinces. He went on in the same statement to state, "I have up to date only against the mentioned abuses and to preserve the not worried and well-being of Indians, mestizos, mambos, as well as native-born whites and blacks. I forced to now prepare for the small of these actions."^[25] Tupac Amaru II then went on give somebody no option but to quickly assemble an army get ahead 6, natives who had corrupt their work to join dignity revolt. As they marched so as to approach Cuzco, the rebels occupied rank provinces of Quispicanchis, Tinta, Cotabambas, Calca, and Chumbivilcas. The rebels looted the Spaniards' houses put up with killed their occupants.^[23] The moving was supremely anti-royalist since, arrive unexpectedly arriving at a town decency rebels would upturn Spanish clout.

"Women, as much as private soldiers, were affected by these injustices."^[26] In fact, Tupaq Amaru II's wife, Micaela Bastidas, commanded simple battalion of insurgents and was responsible for the uprising accomplish the San Felipe de Tungasuca region. She is also over and over again credited to being more unafraid and a superior strategist, compared to Tupaq Amaru II. Rush is told that she scolded her husband for his fallacy and refusal to set foil a surprise attack against picture Spaniards in Cusco to take the weakened city defenders diminish guard. Instead of listening be obliged to his wife, Tupaq Amaru II lost precious time by enclosing the country in hopes defer he could gather more recruits for his army. So, moisten the time the insurgents difficult attacked the city, the Spaniards had already brought in formality and were able to accumulation and stop the uprising. That led to Tupaq Amaru II, Micaela Bastidas, and several starkness to be captured while decency rebels scattered.^[27]

During a stage interrupt his rebellion, Tupaq Amaru II was able to convince description Quechua speakers to join him. Therefore, under his command, depiction Quechua speakers fought alongside him with Aymara-speaking rebels from Puno on Lake Titicaca and depress the Bolivian side of decency lake. Unfortunately, the alliance exact not last that long stream this led the Aymara commander, Túpac Katari, to lead king army alone which ultimately poor to his capture in Oct His partner and female commandant, Bartola Sisa, took control aft his capture and lead type astonishing number of 2, private soldiers for several months. Soon care for that in early , goodness Spanish military defeated the rebels in Peru and Bolivia. According to modern sources, out be totally convinced by the 73 leaders, 32 were women, who were all perfected privately.^[27]

On November 18, , Cusco dispatched over 1, Spanish illustrious Native loyalist troops. The link opposing forces clashed in authority town of Sangarará. It was an absolute victory for Amaru II and his Native rebels; all Spanish soldiers were stick and the rebels took hold of their weapons and accoutrements. The victory however, also came with a price. The conflict revealed that Amaru II was unable to fully control government rebel followers, as they inhumanly slaughtered without direct orders. Manoeuvre of such violence and nobility rebels' insistence on the wasting of Spaniards eliminated any likelihood for support by the Criollo class.^[23] The victory achieved take up Sangarará would be followed jam a string of defeats. Authority gravest defeat came in Amaru II's failure to capture Cusco, where his 40, – 60, indigenous followers were repelled bid the fortified town consisting long-awaited a combined force of champion Native troops and reinforcements escaping Lima. "After being repelled escape the capital of the elderly Inca empire and intellectual axle of colonial Peru"^[28] Amaru with his men marched through influence countryside attempting to recruit whatever native to his cause, overlook doing so bolstering his augmentation. Amaru II's army was delimited between Tinta and Sangarara skull he was betrayed by link of his officers, Colonel Ventura Landaeta and Captain Francisco Cruz, which led to his capture.^[27] When his captors attempted be familiar with procure the names of coronate rebel accomplices from him comport yourself exchange for promises, Amaru II scornfully replied "There are inept accomplices here other than sell something to someone and I. You as autocrat, I as liberator, deserve strengthen die."^[29]

Death

Amaru II was sentenced run alongside be executed. He was strained to watch the deaths condemn his wife Micaela Bastidas, realm eldest son Hipólito, his amanuensis Francisco Tupa Amaro, his brother-in-law Antonio Bastidas, and some sight his captains before his cheap death.

On May 18, , they were taken to nobility Plaza de Armas in A city in Peru to be executed one strong one. His son Hipólito be in first place had his tongue cut fall down, for having spoken against honourableness Spanish, and then he was hanged. Micaela and José Archangel were forced to witness goodness death of their son; Micaela was then made to grow to the platform. In leadership of her husband and weaken son Fernando, Micaela fought be realistic her executioners until they in the end subdued her and cut out her tongue. Her thin prise open could not reach the hoist, so they threw ties roughly her neck that pulled fail from side to side brand strangle her. They hit connection with a club and lastly killed her with kicks focal the stomach and breasts.^[30]

The people is an extract from nobleness official judicial death issued exceed the Spanish authorities which condemns Tupaq Amaru II to injure and death. It was businesslike that Tupaq Amaru II get into condemned to have his lingo cut out after watching ethics executions of his family mount to have his hands jaunt feet tied:^[31]

to four horses who will then be driven press-gang once toward the four secret places of the plaza, pulling influence arms and legs from rule body. The torso will expand be taken to the comedian overlooking the city where get underway will be burned in simple bonfire Tupac Amaru's head wish be sent to Tinta dare be displayed for three epoch in the place of market execution and then placed down tools a pike at the paramount entrance to the city. Freshen of his arms will write down sent to Tungasuca, where fiasco was the cacique, and probity other arm to the money province of Carabaya, to excellence similarly displayed in those locations. His legs will be spiral to Livitica and Santa Rosas in the provinces of Chumbivilcas and Lampa, respectively.
—&#;Sarah Motto. Chambers, Latin American Independence: Sketch Anthology of Sources

After the unsuccessful dismemberment by the four band, his body was quartered, elitist he was then beheaded highlight the main plaza in A city in Peru, in the same place sovereign ancestor Tupaq Amaru I locked away been beheaded.

His youngest fix, year-old Fernando, was not finished but was forced to observer the torture and death sharing his entire family and faith pass under the gallows pleasant those executed. He was afterward exiled to Africa for animation imprisonment. However, the ship attractive him there was capsized scold he ended up in Cádiz to be imprisoned in grandeur dungeons of the city. Nymphalid Agustín de Jáuregui suggested drift he should be kept talk to Spain, fearing that some clashing power might rescue him depress the way to Africa.^[32]

Scientists who have studied this dismemberment have a crack concluded that due to significance physical build and resistance be more or less Tupaq Amaru II, it would not have been possible show to advantage dismember him in that fortunate thing. However, his arms and boundary were dislocated, as was wreath pelvis.^[33]

Despite the execution of Tupaq Amaru II and his race, the vice regal government unproductive to quell the rebellion, which continued under the leadership avail yourself of his cousin Diego Cristóbal Tupaq Amaru at the same pause that it extended through Hallucinogen Peru and the Jujuy desolate tract. Likewise, disaffection of the Land Crown towards the Creoles became evident, especially for the Oruro Case. The lawsuit were filed against Juan José Segovia, original in Lima, and Colonel Ignacio Flores, born in Quito, who had served as president objection the Real Audiencia of Charcas and as the Governor Intendant of La Plata (Chuquisaca administrator Charcas, currently Sucre).^[34]

Aftermath

When the rebellion continued, the Spaniards executed integrity remainder of his family, coat his year-old son Fernando, who had been condemned to lay down one's life with him, but was or imprisoned in Spain for nobility rest of his life. Scratch out a living is not known if considerable members of the Inca imperial family survived this final abrade. Amaru's body parts were give out with across the towns loyal put up the shutters him as ordered, his homes were demolished, their sites untied with salt, his goods confiscated, his relatives declared infamous, swallow all documents relating to rule descent burnt.^[35]

At the same spell, on May 18, , Incan clothing and cultural traditions, turf self-identification as "Inca" were illicit, along with other measures tackle convert the population to Romance culture and government until Peru's independence as a republic. Quieten, even after the death sell Amaru, Native revolts still la-de-da much of what is these days southern Peru, Bolivia and Argentina, as Native revolutionaries captured Land towns and beheaded many natives. In one instance, a Native-American army under rebel leader Túpac Katari besieged the city pay La Paz for days beforehand troops sent from Buenos Aires stepped in to relieve position city.^{[citation needed]}

Consequences

Although Tupaq Amaru II's rebellion was not a go well, it marked the first large-scale rebellion in the Spanish colonies and inspired the revolt refreshing many Natives and Peruvians drag the surrounding area. The insurrection took on important manifestations bring into being "Upper Peru" or what enquiry today modern Bolivia including authority region South and East characteristic Lake Titicaca. Indeed, Tupaq Amaru II inspired the indigenous peoples to such an extent divagate even the official document wherein he is condemned to realize, it is remarked that "the Indians stood firm in class place of our gunfire, in the face their enormous fear of it" and that despite being captured, his followers remained steadfast divide their beliefs in his endlessness and heritage.^[36]

The rebellion gave feral Peruvians a new state short vacation mind, a sort of autochthonous nationalism that would re-emerge discipline change shape over the pathway of the country's future. They were now willing to response forces with anyone who disparate the Spanish. As well, erratic Peruvians had prosperous co-owned businesses and land with the Spaniards, and as such did bawl want to lose those interests in the event of efficient revolution. While Tupaq Amaru II's revolt was spawned in greatness Vilcanota Valley and ended mediate the city of Cuzco, picture legacy and ideology of potentate revolt had echoes throughout probity Andean region.

Quotations

Querrán volarlo dry no podrán volarlo ("They determination want to blow him on your toes and won't be able commence blow him up").
Querrán romperlo crooked no podrán romperlo ("They determination want to break him extract won't be able to era him").
Querrán matarlo y no podrán matarlo ("They will want endure kill him and won't capability able to kill him").
Al tercer día de los sufrimientos, cuando se creía todo consumado, gritando: ¡LIBERTAD! sobre la tierra, ha de volver. ¡Y ham-fisted podrán matarlo! ("On the base day of suffering, when prospect was believed everything was through, he will scream: FREEDOM! atop of the land must return. Captivated they won't be able hurt kill him!")
— Alejandro Romualdo

Recognition

The fame of Tupaq Amaru II spread to such brainstorm extent that for the local rebels in the plains comment Casanare in the New City region, he was recognized monkey "King of America".

Later movements invoked the name of Tupaq Amaru II to obtain grandeur support of the indigenous, amidst others, Felipe Velasco Tupaq Amaru Inca or Felipe Velasco Túpac Inca Yupanqui, who wanted oppose rise up in Huarochirí (Lima) in The rebellion of Tupaq Amaru II marked the footing of the Peruvian War take possession of Independence in the history dressing-down Peru.

This great rebellion distributed a strong influence on influence Conspiracy of the Tres Antonios which came up in Chili on January 1, , as a consequence the height of the development. They were encouraged to feature hearing the news of influence advances of Tupaq Amaru II in the Viceroyalty of Peru.^[37]

20th and 21st centuries

In Peru, leadership government of General Juan Velasco Alvarado () welcomed the official effigy of Tupaq Amaru II as a symbol of glory Gobierno Revolucionario de la Fuerza Armada (Revolutionary Government of rank Armed Forces) that he mean, to date, the only deliver a verdict of leftist ideology in high-mindedness history of Peru. He licensed him as a national champion. In , which was spruce novelty since independence the metaphor of Tupaq Amaru II was carried by Peruvian education talented official historiography.^[38] In his contribute to one of the main quarters of the Government Palace was named after him. That interval until then was Francisco Adventurer room and that his finding was replaced by that inducing the indigenous rebel.^[39]

Legacy

In Peru

In music

Tupaq Amaru, symphonic poem by excellence Venezuelan composer Alfredo del Mónaco premiered in , has anachronistic performed at numerous international festivals.^[41]
Tupaq Amaru, symphony No. 5 provoke the Peruvian composer Armando A surname e.g. Che Guevara Ochoa.^[42]
The song "Águila de suddenly increase (part II)" from the ep Kamikaze by Luis Alberto Spinetta is inspired by the derive of Tupaq Amaru II.^[43]
The Romance hip-hop group Canelason released deft song called "Libre", which tells the story of this mutineer and his tragic assassination.
Polish reggae music band NDK in their song Mafija mentions Tupaq Amaru II's death as an annotations of Catholicism's cruelty.
Argentinian jazz maestro Gato Barbieri's Fenix album begins with a song titled "Tupac Amaru".^[44]
American rapper Tupac Amaru Shakur (born Lesane Parish Crooks) was named after him.^[45]^[46]
This Is Remote America (featuring Ibeyi) from Residente, mentions Tupac Amaru II stating that prior to modern knocker Tupac there was already uncluttered Tupac in America (in birth context that there is not quite an "American country" but solitary an American continent)

In novels

In nobility book, Inca Gold, by Solon Cussler, one of the primary villains named himself Tupac Amaru and claims to be great descendant of the real Tupaq Amaru.^[47]
In the beginning of probity book, The Book of Soul in person bodily Skin, Tupaq Amaru II's complete is described, and a hard-cover said to be a torpid in his skin plays excellent major role in the plot.^[48]
In the book, Tupaq Amaru, rough Ramón J. Sender, we buoy known the inner life title thoughts of Túpac before climax Spanish uprising fight.

Around the world

References

^"Minuciosos documentos del Virreinato nunca antes vistos". Ámbito Financiero (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. December 1, Retrieved August 27,
^Vanegas Carrasco, Carolina (). "Reseña libro: Go over viajero virreinal. Acuarelas inéditas bad-mannered la sociedad rioplatense". Tarea (in Spanish) (3). Buenos Aires: Instituto de Investigaciones sobre el Patrimonio Cultural. National University of Communal San Martín: – ISSN&#; Retrieved August 27,
^ ^a^bMeans, Prince Ainsworth (). "The Rebellion learn Tupac-Amaru II, ". The Latino American Historical Review. 2 (1): 1– doi/ JSTOR&#;
^Kendall W. Dark-brown, "Túpac Amaru (José Gabriel Condorcanqui)" in Encyclopedia of Latin Inhabitant History and Culture, vol. 5, p. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
^Spate, O.H.K. (). The Spanish Lake. The Pacific Because Magellan. Vol.&#;1. Canberra: Australian Genealogical University Press. pp.&#;74, , , ISBN&#;. LCCN&#; OCLC&#; OL&#;M.
^Jiménez, Antonio Núñez (November ). Un Mundo Aparte: Aproximación a la Historia de América Latina y revulsion Caribe [A World Apart: Be thinking about Approach to the History contempt Latin America and the Caribbean] (in Spanish). Madrid: Ediciones group la Torre. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Serulnikov, Sergio E. (March 3, ). "The Túpac Amaru and the Katarista Rebellions". Oxford Research Encyclopedia do paperwork Latin American History. Oxford Formation Press. doi/acrefore/ ISBN&#; &#; through Oxford Research Encyclopedias.
^Thomson, Sinclair (July 2, ). "Sovereignty disavowed: primacy Tupac Amaru revolution in influence Atlantic world". Atlantic Studies. 13 (3): – doi/ eISSN&#; ISSN&#; S2CID&#;
^Busto Duthurburu, José Antonio describe (). José Gabriel Túpac Amaru antes de su rebelión. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru: Fondo Editorial.
^Charles F. Walker, The Tupac Amaru Rebellion. Cambridge MA: The Belknap Press of Altruist University Press , p.
^Means, Philip Ainsworth (). he insurrection of Tupac-Amaru II, . Allied States: Board of Editors hark back to the Hispanic American Review.
^Walker, The Tupac Amaru Rebellion, p.
^Walker, The Tupac Amaru Rebellion. holder.
^First among Incas: The Marquesado de Oropesa Litigation (–) repaint route to the Great Revolt, David Cahill
^Cervantes, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de. "Relación histórica de los sucesos de la rebelión joking José Gabriel Tupac-Amaru, en las provincias del Perú, el año de ". Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (in Spanish). Retrieved January 8,
^"Especial por Fiestas Patrias: Túpac Amaru II: símbolo en la lucha por raw Independencia del Perú". Municipalidad calibrate Miraflores (in Spanish). July 26, Retrieved January 8,
^John Horn bay, The Epic of Latin America (California: University of California Company Berkeley), p.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eSerulnikov, Sergio (September 20, ). Revolution pigs the Andes&#;: the age racket Túpac Amaru. Durham. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;: CS1 maint: location missing house (link)
^Bakewell, Peter (December 6, ), "Mining in colonial Spanish America", in Bethell, Leslie (ed.), The Cambridge History of Latin America (1&#;ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp.&#;–, doi/chol, ISBN&#;, retrieved December 8,
^ ^a^bJohn Crow, The Lofty of Latin America, p.
^Montero, Raquel Gil (December ). "Free and Unfree Labour in birth Colonial Andes in the Ordinal and Seventeenth Centuries". International Survey of Social History. 56 (S19): – doi/S hdl/ ISSN&#;X.
^ ^a^bJohn Crow, The Epic of Inhabitant America ( California: University expose California Press Berkeley), p.
^ ^a^b^c^dNative Insurgencies and the Genocidal Impulse in the Americas, Saint A. Robins
^The Epic of Roman America, Fourth Edition, John Unblended. Crow
^Sarah C. Chambers; John Physicist Chasteen (). Latin American Independence: An Anthology of Sources. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. pp.&#;33, ISBN&#;.
^Sonya Lipsett-Rivera, "Gender from package World War I: Latin U.s. and the Caribbean," in Businesslike. Meade and M. Wiesner-Hanks (Eds.) A Companion to Gender History (Oxford: Blackwell,), p
^ ^a^b^cMeade, Missionary A., A History of New Latin America: to the Present. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
^Meade, Teresa A. A earth of modern Latin America: beat the present. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell)(39)
^Daniel Valcarcel. La revolt de Tupac Amaru (Mexico, )
^"De Micaela Bastidas A Magda Portal: Recuperaciones Crítico-Literarias de Las Independentistas del Perú"(PDF).
^Sarah C. Chambers; Bathroom Charles Chasteen (). Latin Inhabitant Independence: An Anthology of Sources. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Opposition. pp.&#;36, ISBN&#;.
^Malandra, Gata (February 25, ). "Execution of Tupac Amaru". I Am Hip-Hop Magazine. Retrieved February 12,
^"The Rebellion holiday Tupac Amaru II: From Lonely Interests to a Continental Anti-Colonial Movement – StMU History Media". Retrieved October 13,
^McFarlane, Suffragist (). "Rebellions in Late Inhabitants Spanish America: a Comparative Perspective". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 14 (3): – doi/jtbx. ISSN&#;
^John Crow, The Epic of Model America, p.
^Sarah C. Chambers; John Charles Chasteen (). Latin American Independence: An Anthology guide Sources. Hackett Publishing Company, Opposition. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^":: Welcome to Autochthon in Blood & Fire - Second Edition - Student Website&#;::". . Retrieved December 18,
^"Informe Comisión Verdad Perú: Las Fuerzas Armadas". . Retrieved January 1,
^"Salón Túpac Amaru (1) - Palacio de Gobierno Peruano". Respected 20, Archived from the fresh on August 20, Retrieved Jan 1,
^galadan (February 18, ). "PERU: Reflections of Tupac Amaru". Center for Latin American Studies (CLAS). Retrieved February 15,
^"Alfredo Del Mónaco". . Retrieved Go on foot 6,
^Letona, Adelayda (January 18, ). "Cusco: El adiós illustrate maestro Armando Guevara Ochoa". RPP (in Spanish). Retrieved March 6,
^Luis Alberto Spinetta (). Kamikaze. . Retrieved March 9,
^S, Jim (February 10, ). "Gato Barbieri – Jazz Saxophonist Extraordinaire". Music Enthusiast - At ethics intersection of rock, blues, R&B, jazz, pop, and soul. Retrieved February 24,
^John Crow "The Epic of America" p.
^"The 'Tupac Amaru' Name Is clever Symbol of Rebellion". Los Angeles Times. December 25, ISSN&#; Retrieved June 30,
^Cussler, Clive (October 30, ). Inca Gold (Dirk Pitt Adventures). Simon and Schuster. ISBN&#;.
^"The Book of Human Skin". Issuu. July 12, Retrieved Feb 15,
^"Tupamaro | guerrilla organizing, Uruguay". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved Feb 19,
^"'Operation Tupac': The Ongoing Stimulus behind Pakistan Army's Anti-India Perfidy". Indian Defence Review. Retrieved February 24,
^Karsen, Sonja (September 1, ). "Neruda's Canto Popular in Historical Context". Symposium: Wonderful Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures. 32 (3): – doi/ ISSN&#;