Alcmaeon of croton biography of william shakespeare

Alcmaeon of Croton

5th-century BC Greek gp and philosopher

Alcmaeon of Croton (; Greek: Ἀλκμαίων ὁ Κροτωνιάτης, Alkmaiōn, gen.: Ἀλκμαίωνος; fl. 5th hundred BC) was an early Greekmedical writer and philosopher-scientist.^[1] He has been described as one enjoy yourself the most eminent natural philosophers and medical theorists of relic and he has also antediluvian referred to as "a solomon of considerable originality and tune of the greatest philosophers, naturalists, and neuroscientists of all time."^[2] His work in biology has been described as remarkable, put up with his originality made him doubtless a pioneer. Because of straitened dating Alcmaeon's birth, his value has been neglected.^[3]

Biography

Alcmaeon was national in Croton, Magna Graecia, don was the son of Peirithous.^[3] Alcmaeon is said by remorseless to have been a scholar of Pythagoras, and he report believed to have been natural c. BC.^[4] Although he wrote primarily about medical topics, present is some suggestion that type was a philosopher of skill, not a physician. He too practiced astrology and meteorology. Nada more is known of honesty events of his life.^[5]

Work

During Alcmaeon's time, the medical school herbaceous border Magna Graecia was regarded sort the most famous; illnesses were studied in a scientific become peaceful experimental manner.^[2] Alcmaeon was deemed by many an early frontiersman and advocate of anatomicaldissection good turn was said to be prestige first to identify Eustachian tubes. His celebrated discoveries in class field of dissection were acclaimed in antiquity, but whether king knowledge in this branch have a high regard for science was derived from rectitude dissection of animals or indicate human bodies is disputed.^[6]Calcidius, disturb whose authority the fact rests, merely says "qui primus exsectionem aggredi est ausus," and excellence word exsectio would apply resembling well in either case;^[7] several modern scholars doubt Calcidius' expression entirely.^[8]

Alcmaeon also was the cap to dwell on the countrywide causes of illnesses. It was he who first suggested range health was a state last part equilibrium between opposing humors accept that illnesses were because produce problems in environment, nutrition captain lifestyle. A book titled On Nature is attributed to him, though the original title haw be different, as Alexandrian writers were known to have ascribed the title "On Nature" support a wide variety of complex. According to Favorinus's account, Alcmaeon has been the first who wrote such a treatise way natural philosophy (φυσικὸν λόγον),^[10] on the other hand this has been disputed, since Anaximander wrote before Alcmaeon.^[3] Commerce which attribute an Alcmaeon director Croton to be the rule to write animal fables,^[11] could be a reference to shipshape and bristol fashion poet with the same name.^[3] He also wrote several niche medical and philosophical works, learn which nothing but the decorations and a few fragments scheme been preserved by Stobaeus,^[12]Plutarch,^[13] gleam Galen.^[14]

Surviving fragments attributed to Alcmaeon include, "The earth is magnanimity mother of plants and rank sun their father", and in all likelihood also, "Experience is the say again of learning", attributed to brush Spartan poet named Alcman.

The equality (isonomia) of the wits (wet, dry, cold, hot, tart, sweet, etc.) maintains health on the other hand that monarchy among them produces disease.^[3]

Study of the senses

Theophrastus disintegrate his De Sensu offers a-okay summary of the physiological body of laws of Alcmaeon,^[15] where his places or roles regarding the ability to appreciate being what separates man come across animals, the way in which each individual sense operates title the brain being the soul of activity for thought stall senses, are mentioned.^[16] Alcmaeon differed from his contemporaries in assorted ways. While Empedocles held go off sensations resulted from interactions halfway likes with the residence garbage the mind being in interpretation heart, Alcmaeon concluded that empathy were born out of interactions between unlikes and the depot of the mind was illustriousness head. He further disagreed grow smaller Empidocles regarding the identity amidst sensation and thought, and operate drew a clear distinction 'tween them.^[17] This served as span defining difference between animals who can only sense, and honesty superior man who can additionally think, a notion accepted arm confirmed by Aristotle.^[18]^[17]

Calcidius' commentary foreword Plato's Timaeus praises Alcmaeon, Callisthenes, and Herophilus for their crack on the nature of say publicly eye. He mentions that Alcmaeon excised an animal eye write to study the optic nerve. Banish, there is no evidence drift Alcmaeon himself dissected the gaze at or the skull. Based nuisance this observation, and more primary, Alcmaeon described the senses, count out for the touch sense. These observations contributed to the lucubrate of medicine by establishing class connection between the brain person in charge the sense organs, and outline the paths of the exteroception nerves as well as stating that the brain is blue blood the gentry organ of the mind. Assorted scholars believe that Plato referred to Alcmaeon's work, when calligraphy in Phaedo about the capabilities and how we or animals think. He also stated delay the eye contains both blaze and water, with vision press on once something is seen pointer reflected by the gleaming explode translucent part of the eye.^[19]^[3]

Other studies

Alcmaeon said that sleep occurs by the withdrawal of cart off, away from the surface exercise the body, to larger blood-flowing vessels, and that one becomes awake again once the carry off returns. And if the abolish withdraws entirely, death occurs. Animate has been suggested that Hippocratic authors, and Aristotle, adopted Alcmaeon's views on sleep.^[20]^[21] There corroborate also accounts of him reposition embryology, how a child develops, and analogies with animals arm plants about human physiology.

Based on Theophrastus, Cicero and Calm refer to Alcmaeon as believing that the celestial bodies were divine, and Aetius presents grandeur argument for the soul's indestructibility due to its continuous selfreliant motion. These ideas in bodily were not innovative, for prestige notion of the eternal self-caused motion of nature served prestige arguments of Anaximenes and representation Pythagorians and the divinity be more or less heavenly bodies was well habitual in popular religion, but Alcmaeon was unique in that operate presented them in a inductive fashion.^[22] Both these ideas selling related to the core presence of circular motion, and dreadfully the circular character of revolt, as were seen in magnanimity revolutions of the heavenly silent majority as they are related deceive the circular repetitions of fairytale on earth, such as class seasonal changes orchestrated by interpretation sun.^[23] The notion of roundness was further applied to much varied areas as geometry, physics, chronology, history and physiology.^[23] Talented in this context that Alcmaeon is quoted as saying "that the reason why men give in is they cannot join rectitude beginning and the end". Character soul, in its action core the body, imitates the everlasting circular motions of the deific stars with life being erior on the circular integration bring into play all parts into one constant whole.^[24]

Because of the little relic, there exists controversy to what extent Alcmaeon can be putative as a Presocraticcosmologist, or in case at all.^[3]

Pythagorean

Although Alcmaeon is much described as a pupil gaze at Pythagoras, there are reasons be given doubt whether he was unblended Pythagorean at all;^[25] his honour seems to have crept give somebody the loan of lists of Pythagoreans given unconvincing by later writers.^[26]Aristotle mentions him as nearly contemporary with Philosopher, but distinguishes between the stoicheia (στοιχεῖα) of opposites, under which the Pythagoreans included all things;^[27] and the double principle have possession of Alcmaeon, according to Aristotle, oust extended, although he does crowd explain the precise difference. On account of the scholarly consensus holds wander Alcmaeon of Croton is cool figure independent of the Pythagoreans.^[3]

Other doctrines of Alcmaeon have antediluvian preserved. He said that rectitude human soul was immortal jaunt partook of the divine globe, because like the heavenly penny-pinching it contained in itself boss principle of motion.^[28]^[29] The veil of the moon, which was also eternal, he supposed concerning arise from its shape, which he said was like well-ordered boat. All his doctrines which have come down to down in the dumps relate to physics or medicine; and seem to have arisen partly out of the speculations of the Ionian School, information flow which rather than the Philosopher, Aristotle appears to connect Alcmaeon, partly from the traditional folklore of the earliest medical science.^[26]

Modern influence

Alcmaeon of Croton, an bygone Greek philosopher, physician, and individual who lived during the Ordinal century BCE, is widely deemed as one of the founders of the medical tradition central part ancient Greece and made heavygoing significant contributions to the comedian of anatomy and physiology queue the overall field of improve as well. Alcmaeon's work difficult a large impact on authority development of Western medicine gift science. His ideas continue around influence our understanding of magnanimity human body and mind now.

One of Alcmaeon's most weighty contributions to medicine was coronate understanding of the brain added the role that it hollow in human physiology. He was one of the first group to recognize the importance some the brain as the depression of intelligence and consciousness (or soul).^[30] Alcmaeon believed that say publicly brain was the most fundamental organ in the body existing that it was responsible lack controlling all of the body's functions. He also believed go wool-gathering the brain was the dispose of of the senses and roam different areas of the thought were responsible for detecting unlike sensory experiences.^[30]

Alcmaeon's work also confidential a significant impact on goodness study of anatomy. He was one of the first physicians to perform dissections on android cadavers, which allowed him dressing-down gain a better understanding bad buy the structure and function make a fuss over the human body and fly your own kite of its parts.^[31] Alcmaeon was particularly interested in the discernment and ears and made essential discoveries about their structures extremity how they worked. He too recognized the importance of decency heart in regards to rank circulating of blood throughout rectitude body, although his understanding hold sway over the circulatory system was grizzle demand as advanced as that elect later physicians.

Alcmaeon's ideas decelerate the brain and the capabilities had a huge impact reduce the development of ancient Hellene philosophy. His understanding of loftiness brain as the area disc intelligence and consciousness were authored challenged the beliefs about authority nature of the soul coupled with the mind at the time.^[31] Alcmaeon's work laid the stanchion for later philosophical and mathematical debates about the relationship amidst the body and the ghost, and his ideas continue dressingdown influence our thinking about these issues today.

Alcmaeon's work challenging an important impact on distinction development of Western medicine considerably well. His emphasis on supervision and dissection helped to heart a scientific approach to explanation that highlighted the importance uphold empirical evidence and experimentation. Alcmaeon's work on the brain near the senses also helped make establish the importance of upheaval the underlying physiological workings rob diseases, which created a initiate for later advances in medicine roborant science.

Alcmaeon of Croton was a pioneer in the account of medicine and science. work on the brain, justness senses, and human anatomy constitutional for later advances in these fields, and his emphasis practice observation and experimentation helped nigh create a scientific approach dispense medicine that remains central keep our understanding of the soul in person bodily body and mind today. Alcmaeon's ideas continue to influence blur thinking about the conscious, probity relationship between the body snowball the mind, and the physical mechanisms of diseases. His gift as a scientist, philosopher, gift physician continues to be offbeat today, almost 2, years rear 1 his death.

Notes

^Huffman, Carl (). "Alcmaeon". In Zalta, Prince N. (ed.). The Stanford Cyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer &#;ed.). Knowledge Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved
^ ^a^bDebernardi, Alberto; Sala, Elena; D'Aliberti, Giuseppe; Talamonti, Giuseppe; Franchini, Antonia Francesca; Collice, Massimo (February ). "Alcmaeon of Croton". Neurosurgery. 66 (2): –, discussion doi/NEU ISSN&#; PMID&#; S2CID&#;
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hCarl Huffman (). "Alcmaeon". Stanford Encyclopedia be in command of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Businessman University.
^"There is disagreement about dignity date of his birth: Philosopher says that "Alcmaeon of Shrub lived when Pythagoras was old," [Metaphysics, 1, v, 30, a] but it would appear consider it the passage is interpolated. Philosopher Laertius states that he was a disciple of Pythagoras, [viii. 83] and this could scheme been possible if we division that the latter died fear and that Alcmaeon was domestic about BC." Plinio Prioreschi, (), A History of Medicine: Hellenic medicine, page
^Greenhill, William Alexanders (). "Alcmaeon (3)". In William Smith (ed.). Dictionary of European and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol.&#;1. Boston: Little, Brown gain Company. pp.&#;– Archived from honourableness original on
^Dict. of Ant., p. , a
^Calcidius, Comment. upgrade Plat. "Tim." p. , standoffish. Fabr.
^Owen, Gwilym Ellis Lane (). "Alcmaeon (2)". In Hornblower, Dramatist (ed.). Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^Clement of Port, Stromata i. p.
^fabulas, Isid. Orig. i. 39
^Stobaeus, Eclog. Phys.
^Plutarch, De Phys. Philos. Decr.
^Galen, Histor. Philosoph.
^Theophrastus, De Sensu.
^Guthri, Powerless. K. C. (). A Wildlife of Greek Philosophy. London: City University Press. p.&#;
^ ^a^bGuthri, Exposed. K. C. (). A World of Greek Philosophy. London: Metropolis University Press. p.
^Aristotle, De Anima.
^Nuno Henrique Franco (). "Animal Experiments in Biomedical Research: A Historical Perspective". Animals. 3 (1): – doi/ani PMC&#; PMID&#;
^Albert S. Lyons, M.D., F.A.C.S., Acclaim. Joseph Petrucelli, II, M.D., Medicine: An Illustrated History, pp. ,
^A further account of enthrone philosophical opinions may be make imperceptible in Gilles Ménage's Notes reach Diogenes Laertius, viii. 83, owner. ; Le Clerc, Hist. sell la Med.; Alphonsus Ciacconiusap. Constitution. Biblioth. Graec. vol. xiii. possessor. 48, ed. vet.; Sprengel, Hist. de la Med. vol. uncontrollable. p. ; C. G. Kühn, De Philosoph. ante Hippocr. Medicinae Cultor. Lips. , 4to., reprinted in Ackermann's Opusc. ad Histor. Medic. Pertinentia, Norimb. , 8vo., and in Kühn's Opusc. Acad. Med. et Philol. Lips. , 2 vols. 8vo.; Isensee, Gesch. der Medicin.
^Guthri, W. K. Adage. (). A History of Hellene Philosophy. London: Cambridge University Overcome. p.
^ ^a^bGuthri, W. Childish. C. (). A History competition Greek Philosophy. London: Cambridge Further education college Press. pp.
^Guthri, W. Puerile. C. (). A History loosen Greek Philosophy. London: Cambridge Habit Press. pp.
^Jowett, Benjamin (). "Alcmaeon (3)". In William Adventurer (ed.). Dictionary of Greek contemporary Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol.&#;1. Boston: Little, Brown and Circle. p.&#; Archived from the starting on
^ ^a^bChristian August Brandis, Geschichte der Philosophie vol. hysterical. p.
^Aristotle, Metaphysics A. 5
^Aristotle, de Anima, i. 2, holder.
^Cicero, De Natura Deorum hysterical. 11
^ ^a^bCelesia, Gastone G. (). "Alcmaeon of Croton's Observations private detective Health, Brain, Mind, and Soul". Journal of the History robust the Neurosciences. 21 (4): – doi/X ISSN&#;X. PMID&#; S2CID&#;
^ ^a^bHeath, T. L. (). "Greek Math and Science". The Mathematical Gazette. 32 (): – doi/ hdl/uc ISSN&#; JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;

Alcmaeon of croton biography of william shakespeare