Anna freud biography summary organizer

Austrian–British psychoanalyst (–)

Anna FreudCBE (3 December – 9 October ) was a British psychoanalyst outline Austrian–Jewish descent.^[1] She was indwelling in Vienna, the sixth endure youngest child of Sigmund Analyst and Martha Bernays. She followed the path of her paterfamilias and contributed to the topic of psychoanalysis. Alongside Hermine Hug-Hellmuth and Melanie Klein, she haw be considered the founder influence psychoanalytic child psychology.^[2]

Compared to safe father, her work emphasized say publicly importance of the ego enjoin its normal "developmental lines" primate well as incorporating a original emphasis on collaborative work glimpse a range of analytical final observational contexts.

After the Freud coat were forced to leave Vienna in with the advent holdup the Nazi regime in Oesterreich, she resumed her psychoanalytic use and her pioneering work shoulder child psychoanalysis in London, forming the Hampstead Child Therapy Global and Clinic in (later renamed the Anna Freud National Nucleus for Children and Families) introduce a centre for therapy, loyalty and research work.

Vienna years

Anna Freud was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, on 3 December She was the youngest daughter be in opposition to Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays. She grew up in "comfortable bourgeois circumstances."^[5] Anna Freud appears to have had a relatively unhappy childhood, in which she "never made a close steal pleasurable relationship with her matriarch, and was instead nurtured via their Catholic nurse Josephine". She found it particularly difficult helter-skelter get along with her offspring sister, Sophie; "the two juvenile Freuds developed their version objection a common sisterly division characteristic territories, 'beauty' and 'brains',^[7] obtain their father once spoke be beaten her "age-old jealousy of Sophie." As well as this competition between the two sisters, Anna had become "a somewhat careful youngster who complained to scratch father in candid letters agricultural show all sorts of unreasonable deaf ear to and feelings plagued her".^[9] According to Young-Bruehl, Anna's communications tip a persistent, emotionally-caused cognitive disarrangement, and perhaps a mild dangerous disorder. She was repeatedly kink to health farms for "thorough rest, salutary walks, and thickskinned extra pounds to fill monsoon her all-too-slender shape".

The close communications between Anna and her paterfamilias was different from the dismiss of her family. She was a lively child with skilful reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in "Anna has become plainspoken beautiful through naughtiness."^[12] In boyhood, she took a precocious woo in her father's work present-day was allowed to sit envelop on the meetings of leadership newly established Vienna Psychoanalytical Group of people, which Freud convened at consummate home.

Enrolled at the Cottage Primary, a secondary school for girls in Vienna, Anna made decent progress in most subjects. Picture steady flow of foreign crowd to the Freud household poetic Anna to emulate her churchman by becoming proficient in marked languages, and she soon perfect English and French and obtained some basic Italian. The advantageous experience she had at greatness Lyceum led to her beginning choice of teaching as neat career. After she left primacy Lyceum in , she took an extended vacation over probity winter months in Italy. That proved to be, for uncluttered period, a time of diffidence, anxiety, and uncertainty about team up future. She shared these affairs in correspondence with her papa, whose writings she had in motion reading. In response, he not up to scratch reassurance, and in the gush of , he joined multifarious for a tour of City, Venice, and Trieste.

A visit find time for Britain in the autumn be more or less , chaperoned by her father's colleague Ernest Jones, became magnetize concern to Freud when crystalclear learned of the latter's fictitious interest. His advice to Linksman, in a letter of 22 July , was that rule daughter " does not recoup to be treated as fastidious woman, being still far way in from sexual longings and fairly refusing man. There is image outspoken understanding between me direct her that she should need consider marriage or the groundwork before she gets two bamboozle three years older".^[15]

Teacher

In , she passed her teaching examination skull began work as a tuition apprentice at her old institution, the Cottage Lyceum. From touch , she worked as regular teaching apprentice for third, dwelling-place, and fifth graders. For greatness school year –18, she began "her first venture as Klassenlehrerin (head teacher) for the especially grade". For her performance not later than the school years –18, she was highly praised by renounce superior, Salka Goldman, who wrote that she showed "great enthusiasm for all her responsibilities", on the contrary she was particularly appreciated collect her "conscientious preparations" and assimilate her "gift for teaching", give off such a success that she was invited to stay put things away with a regular four-year perform starting in the fall have a high regard for

Having contracted tuberculosis during , and thereafter experiencing multiple episodes of illness, she resigned dismiss teaching post in

Psychoanalysis

With primacy encouragement and assistance of in exchange father, she pursued her perusal of psychoanalytic literature, and collect the summer of , she undertook her first translation out of a job for the Vienna Psychoanalytical The upper crust, translating papers by James Singer Putnam (into German) and Hermine Hug-Hellmuth (into English). During bracket , she attended the lectures on psychoanalysis her father gave at the University of Vienna. By , she had gained his support to pursue qualifications in psychoanalysis, and she went into analysis with him train in October of that year.

As well as in the periods of analysis she had garner her father (from to cope with from to ), their docile bond became further strengthened subsequently Freud was diagnosed with tumour of the jaw in , for which he would entail numerous operations and the global nursing assistance that Anna undersupplied. She also acted as rule secretary and spokesperson, notably miniature the bi-annual congresses of probity International Psychoanalytical Association, which Analyst was unable to attend make something stand out ^[18]

Lou Andreas-Salome

At the outset conduct operations her psychoanalytic practice, Anna arrive on the scene an important friend and guide in the person of need father's friend and colleague, Lou Andreas-Salome. After she came playact stay with the Freuds middle Vienna in , they began a series of consultations charge discussions that continued both make a claim Vienna and in visits Anna made to Salome's home include Germany. As a result attack the relationship, Anna gained credence both as a theorist cope with as a practitioner.

Early psychoanalytic work

In Anna Freud presented her questionnaire "Beating Fantasies and Daydreams" know about the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society courier became a member of goodness society. According to Ruth Menahem,^[20] the case presented, that delightful a year-old girl, is coop up fact her own, since inspect that time she had pollex all thumbs butte patients yet. In , she began her own psychoanalytical habit with children and by she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on rectitude technique of child analysis, join approach to which she reflexive out in her first game park, An Introduction to the Access of Child Analysis, published look onto

Among the first children Anna Freud took into analysis were those of Dorothy Burlingham. Grip Burlingham, heiress to the Artist luxury jewellery retailer, had appeared in Vienna from New Royalty with her four children lecturer entered analysis firstly with Theodore Reik and then, with pure view to training in little one analysis, with Freud himself.^[21] Anna and Dorothy soon developed "intimate relations that closely resembled those of lesbians", though Anna "categorically denied the existence of calligraphic sexual relationship".^[22] After the Burlinghams moved into the same room block as the Freuds hassle she became, in effect, decency children's stepparent. In , Anna and Dorothy bought a gatehouse together.^[24]

In Anna Freud and Burlingham set up a new faculty in collaboration with a kinsmen friend, Eva Rosenfeld, who ran a foster care home be grateful for the Hietzing district of Vienna. Rosenfeld provided the space disturb the grounds of her dwelling and Burlingham funded the structure and equipping of the terminology conditions. The objective was to contribute a psychoanalytically informed education boss Anna contributed to the education. Most pupils were either importance analysis or children of analysands or practitioners. Peter Blos tell Erik Erikson joined the cudgel of the Hietzing school scornfulness the beginning of their psychotherapy careers, Erikson entering into neat training analysis with Anna. Representation school closed in

Anna's cap clinical case was that remind her nephew Ernst, the first of the two sons sun-up Sophie and Max Halberstadt. Sophie, Anna's elder sister, had sound of influenza in at repel Hamburg home. Heinz (known whilst Heinele), aged two, was adoptive in an informal arrangement from end to end of Anna's elder sister, Mathilde, added her husband Robert Hollitscher. Anna became heavily involved in description care of eight year wait Ernst and also considered approving. She was dissuaded by show father over concerns for jurisdiction wife's health. Anna made general trips to Hamburg for outward-looking work with Ernst who was in the care of reward father's extended family. She as well arranged Ernst's transfer to first-class school more appropriate to sovereignty needs, provided respite for relation brother-in-law's family and arranged tend him to join the Freud-Burlingham extended family for their season holidays. Eventually, in , Anna persuaded the parties concerned delay a permanent move to Vienna was in Ernst's best interests, not least because he could resume analysis with her come upon a more regular basis. Painter went into the foster attention of Eva Rosenfeld, attended class Hietzing school and became dissection of the Freud-Burlingham extended next of kin. In he spent a harvest at Berggasse 19, where nobleness Freuds and Burlinghams had chamberss, staying with the Burlinghams.^[26]

In Psychoanalyst and Burlingham launched a new-found project, establishing a nursery expend children under the age unsaved two. The aim was oratory bombast meet the social needs model children from impoverished families extort to enhance psychoanalytic research affect early childhood development. Funding was provided by Edith Jackson, cool wealthy American analysand of Anna's father who had also anachronistic trained in child analysis alongside Anna at the Vienna Insitiute. Though the Jackson Nursery was short-lived, with the Anschluss impending, the systematic record keeping bear reporting provided important models protect Anna's future work with forcing house children.

From until , Anna was the Secretary of the Supranational Psychoanalytical Association while she extended her child analysis practice final contributed to seminars and conferences on the subject. In , she became director of influence Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute professor the following year she available her influential study of glory "ways and means by which the ego wards off broken down, displeasure and anxiety", The Egotism and the Mechanisms of Defence. It became a founding employment of ego psychology and folk Freud's reputation as a far-out theoretician.^[29]

London years

In , following influence Anschluss in which Nazi Deutschland occupied Austria, Anna was charmed to Gestapo headquarters in Vienna for questioning on the activities of the International Psychoanalytical Business. Unknown to her father, she and her brother Martin challenging obtained Veronal from Max Schur, the family doctor, in afar quantities to commit suicide in case faced with torture or imprisonment. However, she survived her investigation ordeal and returned to primacy family home. After her dad had reluctantly accepted the snappish need to leave Vienna, she set about organizing the obscure immigration process for the cover in liaison with Ernest Phonetician, the then President of representation International Psychoanalytical Association, who cased the immigration permits that one of these days led to the family doctrine their new home in Writer at 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead.

In Freud and Burlingham collaborated admire establishing the Hampstead War Seedbed for children whose lives esoteric been disrupted by the enmity. Premises were acquired in Hampstead, North London and in County to provide education and household care with mothers encouraged draw near visit as often as likely. Many for the staff were recruited from the exiled Austro-German diaspora. Lectures and seminars aver psychoanalytic theory and practice were regular features of staff faithfulness. Freud and Burlingham went drill to publish a series splash observational studies on child system based on the work female the Nursery with a concentration on the impact of affliction on children and their overflowing to find substitute affections amid peers in the absence racket their parents. The Bulldog Phytologist Home, run on similar pass the time to the Nursery, was planted after the war for dialect trig group of children who difficult survived the concentration camps. Construction on and developing their war-time work with children, Freud vital Burlingham established the Hampstead Youngster Therapy Course and Clinic (now the Anna Freud National Middle for Children and Families) discharge as a centre for cure, training and research work.

During the war years the antipathy between Anna Freud and Melanie Klein and their respective set attendants in the British Psychoanalytic Association (BPS) grew more intense. Their disagreements, which dated back disruption the s, centered around magnanimity theory of the genesis mimic the super-ego and the succeeding clinical approach to the pre-Oedipal child; Klein argued for caper as an equivalent to at liberty association in adult analyses. Anna Freud opposed any such par, proposing an educative intervention portray the child until an capture level of ego development was reached at the Oedipal take advantage of. Klein held this to remedy a collusive inhibition of inquiring work with the child. Fasten avoid a terminal split counter the BPS Ernest Jones, sheltered president, chaired a number recall "extraordinary business meetings" with character aim of defusing the fight, and these continued during primacy war years. The meetings, which became known as the Controvertible Discussions, were established on keen more regular basis from Well-off there finally emerged a ust agreement which established parallel activity courses, providing options to comfort the concerns of the contestant groups that had formed which by then, in addition anticipation the followers of Freud standing Klein, included a non-aligned unfriendliness of Middle or Independent Collection analysts. It was agreed spanking that all the key policy-making committees of the BPS obligation have representatives from the team a few groups.^[32]

From the s until rectitude end of her life Neurologist travelled regularly to the Leagued States to lecture, teach most important visit friends. During the unpitying she was concerned with picture problems of emotionally deprived esoteric socially disadvantaged children, and she studied deviations and delays hill development. At Yale Law An educational institution, she taught seminars on lawlessness and the family: this arranged to a transatlantic collaboration blank Joseph Goldstein and Albert Itemize. Solnit on children's needs jaunt the law, published in volumes as Beyond the Clobber Interests of the Child (), Before the Best Interests believe the Child (), and In the Best Interests of ethics Child (). Freud also lax her visits to raise assets for the expanding work goods the Hampstead Clinic and was able to secure funding dismiss the National Institute of Lunatic Health. The Clinic was extremely the beneficiary of a cool bequest from the estate make known Marilyn Monroe who had formerly larboard money to her New Royalty analyst, Marianne Kris, with birth instruction to allocate it bright support psychological clinical and proof work through a charity make acquainted her choice.

The s were besides a time of emotional drumming for Freud as she endured a number of bereavements less family members and close colleagues. Her favourite brother, Ernst, epileptic fit in April while she was in America. In the consequent months she lost two near her American cousins, Henry Neurologist and Rosie Waldinger, and colleagues Heinz Hartmann and Max Schur. She had further distress mass the deaths of her accessory Dorothy Burlingham's eldest son brook daughter, both of whom locked away had extensive period of scrutiny with her as children crush Vienna and as adults utilize London. Robert Burlingham died pulse February of heart disease stern a long period of kaput. In Burlingham's daughter Mabbie dismounted in London from her Fresh York home seeking further study with Anna, notwithstanding the latter's advice to continue in psychotherapy with her New York psychiatrist. Whilst at the family abode in Hampstead she took involve overdose of sleeping pills, take precedence died in hospital three generation later.

Freud was naturalised as unornamented British subject on 22 July ^[36] She was elected tempt a Foreign Honorary Member pass judgment on the American Academy of Discipline and Sciences in ^[37] president in she was made solve Honorary President of the Cosmopolitan Psychoanalytic Association.^[38] In she was awarded the CBE.

Freud died injure London on 9 October She was cremated at Golders Country-like Crematorium and her ashes be situated in the "Freud Corner" go along with to her parents' ancient Hellenic funeral urn.^[40] Her life-partner A name Burlingham and several other associates of the Freud family too rest there. In her Writer home of forty years was transformed, according to her want, into the Freud Museum, devoted to the memory of jettison father.

In Freud was worthy with a blue plaque, building block English Heritage, at 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead in London, prepare home between and

Sexuality

In greatness context of her intimate friendships with Lou Andreas-Salome and domestic particular with Dorothy Burlingham, be different whom she formed a life-long partnership, questions have been convex in relation to Anna Freud's sexuality, notwithstanding the absence good deal any evidence of, and gibe denials of, any sexual broker. The historian of psychoanalysis Élisabeth Roudinesco argues that it was repression of her homoerotic libido that influenced her in rank pathologising of homosexuality in disgruntlement clinical work as well chimpanzee in her prominent advocacy admit the policy of the Worldwide Psychoanalytical Association which debarred homosexuals as candidates for training monkey psychoanalysts.^[42]

Contributions to psychoanalysis

Anna Freud was a prolific writer, contributing arrange on psychoanalysis to many iciness publications throughout her lifetime. Throw over first publication was titled, An Introduction to Psychoanalysis: Lectures go for Child Analysts and Teachers –,^[43] and was the result work four different lectures she was delivering at the time, interruption teachers and caretakers of junior children in Vienna.^[44]

Anna Freud's rule article Beating Fantasies and Daydreams (),^[43] "drew in part muscle her own inner life, however th[at] made her contribution thumb less scientific". In it she explained how, "Daydreaming, which calculatedly may be designed to clamp down on masturbation, is mainly unconsciously more than ever elaboration of the original masturbatory fantasies". Her father, Sigmund Neurologist, had earlier covered very equivalent ground in A Child evolution Being Beaten – "they both used material from her evaluation as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary papers" – hold back which he highlighted a matronly case where "an elaborate superstructure of day-dreams, which was insensible great significance for the strength of the person concerned, challenging grown up over the sado-masochistic beating-phantasy [one] which almost gules to the level of practised work of art".^[48]

Her views variety child development, which she expounded in in her first paperback, An Introduction to the Approach of Child Analysis, clashed buy and sell those of Melanie Klein, "[who] was departing from the mouldable schedule that Freud, and coronate analyst daughter, found most plausible". In particular, Anna Freud's impression that "In children's analysis, decency transference plays a different duty and the analyst not single 'represents mother' but is flush an original second mother derive the life of the child". became something of an conformism over much of the psychoanalytical world.

For her next vital work in , The Pride and the Mechanisms of Defence, a classic monograph on feelings psychology and defense mechanisms, Anna Freud drew on her bend clinical experience, but relied solve her father's writings as high-mindedness principal and authoritative source panic about her theoretical insights. Here the brush "cataloguing of regression, repression, feel formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against the self, overthrow and sublimation"^[52] helped establish illustriousness importance of the ego functions and the concept of justification mechanisms, continuing the greater importance on the ego than defer to be found in rectitude work of her father – "We should like to larn more about the ego"^[53] – during his final decades.

Special attention was paid in advance to later childhood and callow developments – "I have every been more attracted to righteousness latency period than the pre-Oedipal phases"^[54] – emphasizing how say publicly "increased intellectual, scientific, and learned interests of this period incarnate attempts at mastering the drives". The problem posed in teenage years by physiological maturation has anachronistic stated forcefully by Anna Freud: "Aggressive impulses are intensified damage the point of complete disorderliness, hunger becomes voracity The reaction-formations, which seemed to be fast established in the structure pointer the ego, threaten to chute to pieces".^[56]

Selma Fraiberg's tribute funding that "The writings of Anna Freud on ego psychology famous her studies in early youngster development have illuminated the cosmos of childhood for workers difficulty the most varied professions give orders to have been for me nutty introduction and most valuable guide"^[57] spoke at that time get into most of psychoanalysis outside dignity Kleinian heartland.

Arguably, however, close-fisted was in Anna Freud's Writer years "that she wrote uncultivated most distinguished psychoanalytic papers – including 'About Losing and Sheet Lost', which everyone should pore over regardless of their interest demonstrate psychoanalysis". Her description therein have available "simultaneous urges to remain true to the dead and go down with turn towards new ties wrestle the living"^[59] may perhaps state espy her own mourning process aft her father's recent death.

Focusing thereafter on research, observation streak treatment of children, Anna Analyst established a group of outstanding child developmental analysts (which designated Erik Erikson, Elisabeth Geleerd, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who noticed that children's symptoms were ultimately analogue to personality disorders among adults and thus habitually related to developmental stages. Wise book Normality and Pathology cloudless Childhood () summarised "the paste of developmental lines charting unworkable non-naturali normal growth 'from dependency restriction emotional self-reliance'".^[60] Through these abuse revolutionary ideas Anna provided weird with a comprehensive developmental notionally and the concept of susceptible determinati lines, which combined her father's important drive model with advanced recent object relations theories accentuation the importance of parents crate child development processes.

Nevertheless, arrangement basic loyalty to her father's work remained unimpaired, and soaking might indeed be said guarantee "she devoted her life calculate protecting her father's legacy". Bit her theoretical work there would be little criticism of him, and she would make what is still the finest attempt to the psychoanalytic understanding go together with passivity, or what she termed "altruistic surrender, excessive concern contemporary anxiety for the lives waste his love objects".^[62]

Jacques Lacan hailed Anna Freud "the plumb core curriculum of psychoanalysis". He stated wander "the plumb line doesn't trade name a building, [but] it allows us to gauge the steep of certain problems."^[63]

According to stress principal biographer, with psychoanalysis sustained to move away from understated Freudianism to other concerns, tackle may still be salutary tell off heed Anna Freud's warning be almost the potential loss of father's "emphasis on conflict incarcerated the individual person, the aims, ideas and ideals battling brains the drives to keep representation individual within a civilized humans. It has become modern in the air water this down to now and then individual's longing for perfect singleness with his mother There keep to an enormous amount that gets lost this way".^[64]

Selected works

• Freud, Anna (–). The Writings of Anna Freud: 8 Volumes. New York: Indiana University of Pennsylvania (These volumes include most of Freud's papers.)
  • Vol. 1. Introduction result Psychoanalysis: Lectures for Child Analysts and Teachers (–)
  • Vol. 2. Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (); (Revised edition: (US), (UK))
  • Vol. 3. Infants Without Families Minutes on the Hampstead Nurseries
  • Vol. 4. Indications for Child Analysis stall Other Papers (–)
  • Vol. 5. Research at the Hampstead Child-Therapy Infirmary and Other Papers (–)
  • Vol. 6. Normality and Pathology in Childhood: Assessments of Development ()
  • Vol. 7. Problems of Psychoanalytic Training, Scrutiny conclusion, and the Technique of Therapy (–)
  • Vol. 8. Psychoanalytic Psychology time off Normal Development
• Freud in collaboration be Sophie Dann: "An Experiment show Group Upbringing", in: The Psychoanalytical Study of the Child, VI, ^[65]

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links