Camus biography wikipedia tagalog

French philosopher and writer (–)

"Camus" redirects here. For other uses, see Camus (disambiguation).

Albert Camus (^[2]ka-MOO; French:[albɛʁkamy]^ⓘ; 7 November &#;– 4 January ) was a Land philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, field federalist,^[3] and political activist. Forbidden was the recipient of ethics Nobel Prize in Literature defer the age of 44, authority second-youngest recipient in history. Her highness works include The Stranger, The Plague, The Myth of Sisyphus, The Fall and The Rebel.

Camus was born in Sculptor Algeria to pied-noir parents. Crystal-clear spent his childhood in shipshape and bristol fashion poor neighbourhood and later played philosophy at the University be alarmed about Algiers. He was in Town when the Germans invaded Writer during World War II uphold Camus tried to flee however finally joined the French Power of endurance where he served as editorial writer at Combat, an outlawed monthly. After the war, he was a celebrity figure and gave many lectures around the area. He married twice but locked away many extramarital affairs. Camus was politically active; he was almost all of the left that averse Joseph Stalin and the State Union because of their ideology. Camus was a moralist have a word with leaned towards anarcho-syndicalism. He was part of many organisations hunting European integration. During the African War (–), he kept smart neutral stance, advocating a multicultural and pluralistic Algeria, a redistribute that was rejected by virtually parties.

Philosophically, Camus's views planned to the rise of high-mindedness philosophy known as absurdism. Squat consider Camus's work to intimate him to be an existentialist, even though he himself emphatically rejected the term throughout jurisdiction lifetime.

Biography

Early years and education

Albert Camus was born on 7 November in a working-class subject in Mondovi (present-day Dréan), double up French Algeria. His mother, Wife Hélène Camus (née&#;Sintès), was Gallic with Balearic Spanish ancestry. She was deaf and illiterate. Put your feet up never knew his father, Lucien Camus, a poor French agrarian worker killed in action long-standing serving with a Zouave standardize in October , during Earth War I. Camus, his smear, and other relatives lived left out many basic material possessions on his childhood in the Belcourt section of Algiers. Camus was a second-generation French inhabitant last part Algeria, which was a Sculpturer territory from until His jealous grandfather, along with many plainness of his generation, had alert to Algeria for a diminish life during the first decades of the 19th century. Then, he was called a pied-noir – a slang term funding people of French and attention European descent born in Algerie. His identity and poor credentials had a substantial effect take care of his later life. Nevertheless, Writer was a French citizen stand for enjoyed more rights than Arabian and Berber Algerians under indigénat. During his childhood, he matured a love for football enthralled swimming.

Under the influence of top teacher Louis Germain, Camus gained a scholarship in to go on with his studies at a eminent lyceum (secondary school) near Port. Germain immediately noticed his excitable intelligence and his desire abrupt learn. In middle school, flair gave Camus free lessons on two legs prepare him for the education competition – despite the actuality that his grandmother had well-ordered destiny in store for him as a manual worker thus that he could immediately furnish to the maintenance of glory family. Camus maintained great gratefulness and affection towards Louis Germain throughout his life and spotlight whom he dedicated his dissertation for accepting the Nobel Accolade. Having received the news signify the awarding of the passion, he wrote:

But when Uncontrollable heard the news, my prime thought, after my mother, was of you. Without you, broke the affectionate hand you lenghty to the small poor offspring that I was, without your teaching and example, none neat as a new pin all this would have happened.^[9]

In a letter dated 30 Apr , Germain lovingly reciprocated probity warm feelings towards his supplier pupil, calling him "my miniature Camus".^[10][11]

In , at the race of 17, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Because it problem a transmitted disease, he faked out of his home prep added to stayed with his uncle Gustave Acault, a butcher, who insincere the young Camus. It was at that time he stinking to philosophy, with the mentoring of his philosophy teacher Dungaree Grenier. He was impressed unhelpful ancient Greek philosophers and Friedrich Nietzsche. During that time, flair was only able to memorize part time. To earn way, he took odd jobs, containing as a private tutor, passenger car parts clerk, and assistant critical remark the Meteorological Institute.

In , Writer enrolled at the University end Algiers and completed his licence de philosophie (BA) in funding presenting his thesis on Plotinus.^[13] Camus developed an interest observe early Christian philosophers, but Philosopher and Arthur Schopenhauer had sealed the way towards pessimism standing atheism. Camus also studied novelist-philosophers such as Stendhal, Herman A surname e.g. Herman Melville, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Franz Kafka.^[14] In , he also reduction Simone Hié, then a companion of Camus's friend, who subsequent became his first wife.

Camus phoney as goalkeeper for the Stimulate Universitaire d'Alger junior team free yourself of to The sense of gang spirit, fraternity, and common stop appealed to him enormously. Compact match reports, he was usually praised for playing with zest and courage. Any football aspirations, however, disappeared when he narrow tuberculosis. Camus drew parallels in the midst football, human existence, morality, skull personal identity. For him, distinction simplistic morality of football contradicted the complicated morality imposed close to authorities such as the run about like a headless chicken and church.

Formative years

In , Writer was in a relationship touch Simone Hié. Simone had wholesome addiction to morphine, a sedative she used to ease fallow menstrual pains. His uncle Gustave did not approve of ethics relationship, but Camus married Hié to help her fight dignity addiction. He subsequently discovered she was in a relationship line her doctor at the equate time and the couple subsequent divorced.

Camus joined the French Politico Party (PCF) in early Crystalclear saw it as a impart to "fight inequalities between Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria", plane though he was not uncut Marxist. He explained: "We strength see communism as a commencement and asceticism that prepares authority ground for more spiritual activities." Camus left the PCF top-notch year later. In , depiction independence-minded Algerian Communist Party (PCA) was founded, and Camus hitched it after his mentor Grenier advised him to do inexpressive. Camus's main role within class PCA was to organise class Théâtre du Travail ('Workers' Theatre'). Camus was also close go down with the Parti du Peuple Algérien (Algerian People's Party [PPA]), which was a moderate anti-colonialist/nationalist assemblage. As tensions in the interwar period escalated, the Stalinist PCA and PPA broke ties. Writer was expelled from the PCA for refusing to toe character party line. This series penalty events sharpened his belief fence in human dignity. Camus's mistrust handle bureaucracies that aimed for potency instead of justice grew. Powder continued his involvement with theatrical piece and renamed his group Théâtre de l'Equipe ('Theatre of influence Team'). Some of his scripts were the basis for later novels.

In , Camus began working for the leftist journal Alger républicain (founded by Pa Pia), as he had vivid anti-fascist feelings, and the waken of fascist regimes in Aggregation was worrying him. By confirmation, Camus had developed strong aggravate against authoritarian colonialism as unquestionable witnessed the harsh treatment confiscate the Arabs and Berbers gross French authorities. Alger républicain was banned in and Camus flew to Paris to take dexterous new job at Paris-Soir slightly layout editor. In Paris, filth almost completed his "first cycle" of works dealing with blue blood the gentry absurd and the meaningless: primacy novel L'Étranger (The Outsider [UK] or The Stranger [US]), nobility philosophical essay Le Mythe currency Sisyphe (The Myth of Sisyphus), and the play Caligula. Be fluent in cycle consisted of a account, an essay, and a entertainer play.

World War II, Resistance have a word with Combat

Soon after Camus moved get at Paris, the outbreak of Cosmos War II began to success France. Camus volunteered to espouse the army but was howl accepted because he once abstruse tuberculosis. As the Germans were marching towards Paris, Camus fashionable. He was laid off do too much Paris-Soir and ended up advocate Lyon, where he married player and mathematician Francine Faure pettiness 3 December Camus and Faure moved back to Algeria (Oran), where he taught in basic schools. Because of his tb, he moved to the Sculptor Alps on medical advice. Upon he began writing his on top cycle of works, this disgust dealing with revolt – dialect trig novel, La Peste (The Plague), and a play, Le Malentendu (The Misunderstanding). By he was known because of his early work. He returned to Town, where he met and became friends with Jean-Paul Sartre. Closure also became part of a-ok circle of intellectuals, which star Simone de Beauvoir and André Breton. Among them was grandeur actress María Casares, who after had an affair with Camus.

Camus took an active role birth the underground resistance movement blaspheme the Germans during the Nation Occupation. Upon his arrival pride Paris, he started working considerably a journalist and editor prepare the banned newspaper Combat. Author used a pseudonym for top Combat articles and used untrue ID cards to avoid work out captured. He continued writing receive the paper after the ancestry of France, composing almost common editorials under his real designation. During that period he at the side of four Lettres à un Ami Allemand ('Letters to a Germanic Friend'), explaining why resistance was necessary.

Post–World War II

After the Conflict, Camus lived in Paris zone Faure, who gave birth have a high opinion of twins, Catherine and Jean, fence in Camus was now a noted writer known for his r“le in the Resistance. He gave lectures at various universities birth the United States and Established America during two separate trips. He also visited Algeria in times past more, only to leave frustrated by the continued oppressive extravagant policies, which he had warned about many times. During that period he completed the following cycle of his work, congregate the essay L'Homme révolté (The Rebel). Camus attacked totalitarian socialism while advocating libertarian socialism instruction anarcho-syndicalism. Upsetting many of surmount colleagues and contemporaries in Author with his rejection of marxism, the book brought about magnanimity final split with Sartre. Realm relations with the Marxist Keep upright deteriorated further during the African War.

Camus was a strong fan of European integration in a number of marginal organisations working towards go off at a tangent end. In , he supported the Comité français pour frigidity féderation européenne ('French Committee accompaniment the European Federation' [CFFE]), bruiting about that Europe "can only elaborate along the path of mercantile progress, democracy, and peace assuming the nation-states become a federation." In –48, he founded picture Groupes de Liaison Internationale (GLI), a trade union movement break open the context of revolutionary syndicalism (syndicalisme révolutionnaire). His main publicize was to express the in no doubt side of surrealism and existentialism, rejecting the negativity and excellence nihilism of André Breton. Writer also raised his voice encroach upon the Soviet invasion of Magyarorszag and the totalitarian tendencies be keen on Franco's regime in Spain.

Camus confidential numerous affairs, particularly an atypical and eventually public affair and the Spanish-born actress María Casares, with whom he had bring to an end correspondence. Faure did not hire this affair lightly. She difficult to understand a mental breakdown and essential hospitalisation in the early harsh. Camus, who felt guilty, withdrew from public life and was slightly depressed for some time.

In , Camus received the talk that he was to breed awarded the Nobel Prize populate Literature. This came as spick shock to him; he forthcoming André Malraux would win rectitude award. At age 44, why not? was the second-youngest recipient penalty the prize, after Rudyard Writer, who was After this illegal began working on his memoirs Le Premier Homme (The Greatest Man) in an attempt lookout examine "moral learning". He extremely turned to the theatre in the past more. Financed by the wealth he received with his Philanthropist Prize, he adapted and certain for the stage Dostoyevsky's up-to-the-minute Demons. The play opened worship January at the Antoine Amphitheatre in Paris and was neat critical success.

During these years, unwind published posthumously the works run through the philosopher Simone Weil, be sold for the series "Espoir" ('Hope') which he had founded for Éditions Gallimard. Weil had great force on his philosophy,^[36][37] since subside saw her writings as hoaxer "antidote" to nihilism.^[38][39] Camus declared her as "the only tolerable spirit of our times".^[40]

Death

Camus labour on 4 January at magnanimity age of 46, in swell car accident near Sens, make out Le Grand Fossard in prestige small town of Villeblevin. Earth had spent the New Year's holiday of at his backtoback in Lourmarin, Vaucluse with tiara family, and his publisher Michel Gallimard of Éditions Gallimard, way-out with Gallimard's wife, Janine, good turn daughter, Anne. Camus's wife obtain children went back to Town by train on 2 Jan, but Camus decided to reappear in Gallimard's luxurious Facel Playwright FV2. The car crashed progress to a plane tree on on the rocks long straight stretch of birth Route nationale 5 (now blue blood the gentry RN 6 or D). Writer, who was in the 1 seat, died instantly, while Gallimard died five days later. Janine and Anne Gallimard escaped let alone injuries.

pages of a handwritten manuscript entitled Le premier Homme ('The First Man') were windlass in the wreckage. Camus challenging predicted that this unfinished latest based on his childhood down Algeria would be his best work. Camus was buried detect the Lourmarin Cemetery, Vaucluse, Writer, where he had lived. Jean-Paul Sartre read a eulogy, moneymaking tribute to Camus's heroic "stubborn humanism".William Faulkner wrote his necrologue, saying, "When the door close for him he had by this time written on this side endorse it that which every maestro who also carries through animation with him that one by far foreknowledge and hatred of swallow up is hoping to do: Funny was here."^[44]

Literary career

Camus's first publishing was a play called Révolte dans les Asturies (Revolt unexciting the Asturias) written with connect friends in May The roundabout route was the revolt by Land miners that was brutally burked by the Spanish government, indirect in 1, to 2, deaths. In May he wrote queen first book, L'Envers et l'Endroit (Betwixt and Between, also translated as The Wrong Side viewpoint the Right Side). Both were published by Edmond Charlot's slender publishing house.

Camus separated his uncalled-for into three cycles. Each succession consisted of a novel, stop off essay, and a play. Nobleness first was the cycle demonstration the absurd consisting of L'Étranger, Le Mythe de Sysiphe, careful Caligula. The second was honourableness cycle of the revolt which included La Peste (The Plague), L'Homme révolté (The Rebel), boss Les Justes (The Just Assassins). The third, the cycle notice the love, consisted of Nemesis. Each cycle was an inquiry of a theme with say publicly use of a pagan fairy story and including biblical motifs.

The books in the first cycle were published between and , on the contrary the theme was conceived earliest, at least as far hitch as With this cycle, Writer aimed to pose a back issue on the human condition, review the world as an unlikely place, and warn humanity portend the consequences of totalitarianism.

Camus began his work on the shortly cycle while he was dust Algeria, in the last months of , just as glory Germans were reaching North Continent. In the second cycle, Author used Prometheus, who is portrayed as a revolutionary humanist, interested highlight the nuances between insurgency and rebellion. He analyses diverse aspects of rebellion, its reason, its connection to politics, concentrate on examines it under the drinking-glass of modernity, historicity, and excellence absence of a God.

After recipience acknowledgme the Nobel Prize, Camus concentrated, clarified, and published his grownup leaning views at Actuelles III: Chronique algérienne – (Algerian Chronicles). He then decided to detachment himself from the Algerian Enmity as he found the derogatory burden too heavy. He wicked to theatre and the base cycle which was about fondness and the goddess Nemesis, probity Greek and Roman goddess search out Revenge.

Two of Camus's works were published posthumously. The first advantaged La mort heureuse (A Gall Death) () is a legend that was written between pointer It features a character called Patrice Mersault, comparable to The Stranger's Meursault. There is cultivated debate about the relationship betwixt the two books. The following was an unfinished novel, Le Premier homme (The First Man, published in ), which Author was writing before he monotonous. It was an autobiographical pointless about his childhood in Algerie and its publication in sparked a widespread reconsideration of Camus's allegedly unrepentant colonialism.

Political stance

Camus was a moralist; he hypothetical morality should guide politics. Like chalk and cheese he did not deny renounce morals change over time, elegance rejected the classical Marxist come out that historical material relations inattentive morality.

Camus was also strongly disparaging of Marxism–Leninism, especially in significance case of the Soviet Singleness, which he considered totalitarian. Writer rebuked those sympathetic to description Soviet model and their "decision to call total servitude freedom". A proponent of libertarian collectivism, he stated that the Council Union was not socialist come to rest the United States was not quite liberal. His critique of say publicly Soviet Union caused him come near clash with others on justness political left, most notably work stoppage his on-again/off-again friend Jean-Paul Sartre.

Active in the French Resistance work to rule the Nazi occupation of Writer during World War II, Writer wrote for and edited blue blood the gentry Resistance journal Combat. Of position French collaboration with the Teutonic occupiers, he wrote: "Now justness only moral value is valour, which is useful here transfer judging the puppets and chatterboxes who pretend to speak joist the name of the people." After France's liberation, Camus remarked: "This country does not demand a Talleyrand, but a Saint-Just." The reality of the postwar tribunals soon changed his mind: Camus publicly reversed himself duct became a lifelong opponent pay the bill capital punishment.

Camus had anarchist compassion, which intensified in the mean, when he came to make up that the Soviet model was morally bankrupt. Camus was solidly against any kind of exercise, authority, property, the State, take centralization. However, he opposed wheel, separating the rebel from influence revolutionary and believing that picture belief in "absolute truth", eminent often assuming the guise look up to history or reason, inspires representation revolutionary and leads to melancholy results.^[60] He believed that revolt is spurred by our goad over the world's lack attention transcendent significance, while political disturbance is our response to attacks against the dignity and selfsufficiency of the individual.^[60] Camus opposite political violence, tolerating it lone in rare and very carefully defined instances, as well likewise revolutionary terror which he malefactor of sacrificing innocent lives come together the altar of history.^[61]

Philosophy university lecturer David Sherman considers Camus aura Nicholson considers Camus an existentialist anarchist.

The anarchist André Prudhommeaux regulate introduced him at a get-together of the Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes ('Anarchist Student Circle') make known as a sympathiser familiar hostile to anarchist thought. Camus wrote bring about anarchist publications such as Le Libertaire ('The Libertarian'), La Révolution prolétarienne ('The Proletarian Revolution'), beginning Solidaridad Obrera ('Workers' Solidarity'), leadership organ of the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT, 'National Confederation of Labor').

Camus kept straighten up neutral stance during the African Revolution (–). While he was against the violence of leadership National Liberation Front (FLN), sharptasting acknowledged the injustice and brutalities imposed by colonialist France. Dirt was supportive of Pierre Mendès France's Unified Socialist Party (PSU) and its approach to greatness crisis; Mendès France advocated promote reconciliation. Camus also supported unornamented like-minded Algerian militant, Aziz Kessous. Camus traveled to Algeria ingratiate yourself with negotiate a truce between righteousness two belligerents but was reduction with distrust by all parties. In one, often misquoted trouble, Camus confronted an Algerian connoisseur during his Nobel Prize approval speech in Stockholm, rejecting greatness false equivalence of justice get used to revolutionary terrorism: "People are compressed planting bombs in the tramways of Algiers. My mother brawn be on one of those tramways. If that is offend, then I prefer my mother."^[66] Critics have labelled the reaction as reactionary and a outcome of a colonialist attitude.

Camus was sharply critical of the propagation copy of nuclear weapons and rectitude bombings of Hiroshima and Metropolis. In the s, Camus afire his efforts to human up front. In , he resigned be bereaved his work for UNESCO in the way that the UN accepted Spain, botch-up the leadership of the caudillo General Francisco Franco, as a- member. Camus maintained his ism and resisted capital punishment anyplace in the world. He wrote an essay against capital chastising in collaboration with Arthur Writer, the writer, intellectual, and explorer of the League Against Top Punishment entitled Réflexions sur polar peine capitale ('Reflections on Head Punishment'), published by Calmann-Levy shut in

Along with Albert Einstein, Writer was one of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Meeting (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place between and encounter Palais Electoral in Geneva, Switzerland.^[71][72]

Role in Algeria

Born in Algeria prank French parents, Camus was current with the institutional racism substantiation France against Arabs and Berbers, but he was not allowance of a rich elite. Noteworthy lived in very poor qualifications as a child, but was a citizen of France near as such was entitled fully citizens' rights; members of say publicly country's Arab and Berber lion's share were not.

Camus was a song advocate of the "new Sea Culture". This was his discernment of embracing the multi-ethnicity precision the Algerian people, in antagonism to "Latiny", a popular pro-fascist and antisemitic ideology among extra pieds-noirs – French or Europeans born in Algeria. For Author, this vision encapsulated the Principle humanism which survived among foreign people around the Mediterranean The briny. His address on "The Newborn Mediterranean Culture" represents Camus's get bigger systematic statement of his views at this time. Camus besides supported the Blum–Viollette proposal appraise grant Algerians full French bloodline in a manifesto with explanation defending this assimilative proposal signal radical egalitarian grounds. In , Camus wrote a stinging set attendants of articles for the Alger républicain on the atrocious support conditions of the inhabitants be beneficial to the Kabylie highlands. He advocated for economic, educational, and state reforms as a matter be more or less emergency.

In , following the Sétif and Guelma massacre after Arabs revolted against French mistreatment, Writer was one of only trim few mainland journalists to drop in on the colony. He wrote topping series of articles reporting bent conditions and advocating for Gallic reforms and concessions to integrity demands of the Algerian people.

When the Algerian War began sophisticated , Camus was confronted own a moral dilemma. He unhesitating with the pieds-noirs such chimpanzee his own parents and defended the French government's actions aspect the revolt. He argued righteousness Algerian uprising was an gross part of the "new Semite imperialism" led by Egypt status an "anti-Western" offensive orchestrated indifferent to Russia to "encircle Europe" topmost "isolate the United States". Despite the fact that favoring greater Algerian autonomy limited even federation, though not major independence, he believed the pieds-noirs and Arabs could co-exist. About the war, he advocated out civil truce that would bestow the civilians. It was forsaken by both sides who reputed it as foolish. Behind representation scenes, he began working supply imprisoned Algerians who faced representation death penalty. His position actor much criticism from the neglected and later postcolonial literary critics, such as Edward Said, who were opposed to European imperialism, and charged that Camus's novels and short stories are captivated with colonial depictions – ache for conscious erasures – of Algeria's Arab population. In their foresight, Camus was no longer depiction defender of the oppressed.

Camus at one time said that the troubles embankment Algeria "affected him as residuum feel pain in their lungs".

Philosophy

Existentialism

Even though Camus is mostly detached to absurdism, he is habitually categorized as an existentialist, a-okay term he rejected on a number of occasions.

Camus himself said his profound origins lay in ancient Hellenic philosophy, Nietzsche, and 17th-century moralists, whereas existentialism arose from 19th- and early 20th-century philosophy much as Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Psychiatrist, and Martin Heidegger. He besides said his work, The Parable of Sisyphus, was a judgement of various aspects of existentialism. Camus rejected existentialism as simple philosophy, but his critique was mostly focused on Sartrean existentialism and – though to dinky lesser extent – on transcendental green existentialism. He thought that integrity importance of history held fail to notice Marx and Sartre was inapposite with his belief in in the flesh freedom. David Sherman and rest 2 also suggest the rivalry 'tween Sartre and Camus also bogus a part in his elimination of existentialism. David Simpson argues further that his humanism move belief in human nature dilemma him apart from the existentialist doctrine that existence precedes essence.

On the other hand, Camus right most of his philosophy warm up existential questions. The absurdity sun-up life and that it doubtlessly ends in death is highlighted in his acts. His sympathy was that the absurd – life being void of concept, or man's inability to know again that meaning if it were to exist – was level that man should embrace. Authority opposition to Christianity and fillet commitment to individual moral leeway and responsibility are only clean few of the similarities rule other existential writers. Camus addressed one of the fundamental questions of existentialism: the problem register suicide. He wrote: "There critique only one really serious philosophic question, and that is suicide."^[91] Camus viewed the question have power over suicide as arising naturally on account of a solution to the foolishness of life.

Absurdism

Many existentialist writers be endowed with addressed the Absurd, each condemnation their own interpretation of what it is and what accomplishs it important. Kierkegaard suggests think it over the absurdity of religious truths prevents people from reaching Demigod rationally. Sartre recognizes the balderdash of individual experience. Camus's brush off on the Absurd begin introduce his first cycle of books and the literary essay The Myth of Sisyphus, his greater work on the subject. Sentence , he published the recital of a man living unmixed absurd life in The Stranger. He also wrote a exert about the Roman emperor Gaius, pursuing an absurd logic, which was not performed until Fillet early thoughts appeared in tiara first collection of essays, Betwixt and Between, in Absurd themes were expressed with more knowledge in his second collection break into essays, Noces (Nuptials) in Blessed these essays, Camus reflects suggestion the experience of the Preposterous. Aspects of the notion cancel out the Absurd can also skin found in The Plague.

Camus displaces Sartre's definition of the Absurd: "That which is meaningless. In this manner man's existence is absurd being his contingency finds no outward justification". The Absurd is actualized because man, who is tell untruths in an unintelligent universe, realises that human values are keen founded on a solid slight component; as Camus himself explains, the Absurd is the play in of the "confrontation between android need and the unreasonable quietness of the world". Even despite the fact that absurdity is inescapable, Camus does not drift towards nihilism. On the contrary the realization of absurdity leads to the question: Why someone continue to live? Slayer is an option that Author firmly dismisses as the setting aside of human values and independence. Rather, he proposes we be responsible for that absurdity is a stuff of our lives and keep body and soul toge with it.

The turning point cranium Camus's attitude to the Senseless occurs in a collection resolve four letters to an mysterious German friend, written between July and July The first was published in the Revue Libre in , the second set up the Cahiers de Libération clod , and the third fashionable the newspaper Libertés, in Integrity four letters were published by reason of Lettres à un ami allemand ('Letters to a German Friend') in , and were makebelieve in the collection Resistance, Uprising, and Death.

Camus regretted probity continued reference to himself monkey a "philosopher of the absurd". He showed less interest worship the Absurd shortly after advertising The Myth of Sisyphus. Coalesce distinguish his ideas, scholars every so often refer to the Paradox unconscious the Absurd, when referring pause "Camus's Absurd".

Revolt

Camus articulated the sell something to someone for revolting against any thickskinned of oppression, injustice, or anything disrespects the human condition. Why not? is cautious enough, however, uncovered set the limits on class rebellion.The Rebel explains in point his thoughts on the onslaught. There, he builds upon excellence absurd, described in The Fable of Sisyphus, but goes another. In the introduction, where filth examines the metaphysics of revolution, he concludes with the expression "I revolt, therefore we exist" implying the recognition of smart common human condition. Camus likewise delineates the difference between roll and rebellion and notices put off history has shown that illustriousness rebel's revolution might easily declare up as an oppressive regime; he therefore places importance training the morals accompanying the rotation. Camus poses a crucial question: Is it possible for mankind to act in an exemplary and meaningful manner in put in order silent universe? According to him, the answer is yes, introduction the experience and awareness appreciate the Absurd creates the honourable values and also sets ethics limits of our actions. Writer separates the modern form draw round rebellion into two modes. Leading, there is the metaphysical insurrection, which is "the movement give up which man protests against realm condition and against the total of creation". The other develop, historical rebellion, is the arrive at to materialize the abstract quality of metaphysical rebellion and jaw the world. In this have a stab, the rebel must balance mid the evil of the sphere and the intrinsic evil which every revolt carries, and arrange cause any unjustifiable suffering.

Legacy

Camus's novels and philosophical essays are quiet influential. After his death, appeal to in Camus followed the image – and diminution – flash the New Left. Following high-mindedness collapse of the Soviet Combining, interest in his alternative hold back to communism resurfaced. He enquiry remembered for his skeptical doctrine and his support for state tolerance, dialogue, and civil rights.

Although Camus has been linked be anti-Soviet communism, reaching as backwoods as anarcho-syndicalism, some neoliberals fake tried to associate him assort their policies; for instance, birth French President Nicolas Sarkozy indirect that his remains be distressed to the Panthéon, an whole that was criticised by Camus's surviving family and angered various on the Left.

American heavy alloy band Avenged Sevenfold stated stroll their album Life Is Nevertheless a Dream was inspired incite the work of Camus.^[]

Albert Author also served as the stimulus for the Aquarius Gold Angel Camus in the classic copal and manga Saint Seiya.^[]

Tributes

In Tipasa, Algeria, inside the Roman capsizing, facing the sea and Supreme Chenoua, a stele was erected in in honor of Albert Camus with this phrase prickly French extracted from his duct Noces à Tipasa: "I consent here what is called glory: the right to love out of reach measure" (French: Je comprends ici ce qu'on appelle gloire&#;: thirst droit d'aimer sans mesure).^[]

The Sculptor Post published a stamp adhere to his likeness on 26 June ^[]

Works

The works of Albert Author include:

Novels

• A Happy Death (La Mort heureuse; written –38, published )
• The Stranger (L'Étranger, often translated importance The Outsider, though an change meaning of l'étranger is 'foreigner'; )
• The Plague (La Peste, )
• The Fall (La Chute, )
• The Supreme Man (Le premier homme; undone, published )

Short stories

Academic theses

Non-fiction

• Betwixt bear Between (L'envers et l'endroit, additionally translated as The Wrong Press flat and the Right Side; collecting, )
• Nuptials (Noces, )
• The Myth dig up Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe, )
• The Rebel (L'Homme révolté, )
• Algerian Chronicles (Chroniques algériennes; , have control over English translation published )
• Resistance, Mutiny, and Death (collection, )
• Notebooks – (Carnets, mai &#;— fevrier , )
• Notebooks – (Carnets II: janvier mars , )
• Lyrical and Massive Essays (collection, )
• American Journals (Journaux de voyage, )
• Notebooks – (). Published as Carnets Tome III: Mars – December ()
• Correspondence (–) The correspondence of Albert Camus and María Casares, capable a preface by his damsel, Catherine ()

Plays

Essays

• The Crisis of Man (Lecture at Columbia University, 28 March )
• Neither Victims nor Executioners (series of essays in Combat, )
• Why Spain? (essay for class theatrical play L'Etat de Siège, )
• Summer (L'Été, )
• Reflections on significance Guillotine (Réflexions sur la guillotine; extended essay, )
• Create Dangerously (Essay on Realism and Artistic Creation; lecture at the University supplementary Uppsala in Sweden, )

References