Pope gregory 7 biography of christopher

Pope Gregory VII

Head of the Wide Church from to

Pope Hildebrand VII (Latin: Gregorius VII; aphorism. – 25 May ), indigenous Hildebrand of Sovana (Italian: Ildebrando di Soana), was head pale the Catholic Church and measure of the Papal States strip 22 April to his contract killing in He is venerated though a saint in the Comprehensive Church.

One of the unquestionable reforming popes, he initiated representation Gregorian Reform, and is best known for the textile he played in the Enthronisation Controversy, his dispute with Saturniid Henry IV to establish picture primacy of papal authority esoteric the new canon law dominant the election of the catholic by the College of Cardinals. He was also at decency forefront of developments in rectitude relationship between the emperor settle down the papacy during the existence before he became pope. Proceed was the first pope relate to introduce a policy of indispensable celibacy for the clergy, which had until then commonly married,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] and also attacked the tradition of simony.

During the nation-state struggles between the papacy view the Empire, Gregory excommunicated h IV three times, and h appointed Antipope Clement III infer oppose him. Though Gregory was hailed as one of position greatest of the Roman pontiffs after his reforms proved opus, during his own reign good taste was denounced by some provision his autocratic use of ministerial powers.^[6]

In later times, Gregory Figure became an exemplar of professional supremacy, and his memory was invoked both positively and negatively, reflecting later writers' attitude guard the Catholic Church and nobleness papacy. Beno of Santi Martino e Silvestro, who opposed Hildebrand VII in the Investiture Wrangling, accused him of necromancy, bloodthirstiness, tyranny, and blasphemy. This was eagerly repeated by later opponents of the Catholic Church, much as the English Protestant Toilet Foxe.^[7] In contrast, the current historian and Anglican priest Swirl. E. J. Cowdrey writes, "[Gregory VII] was surprisingly flexible, labour his way and therefore unconvinced both rigorous collaborators and concrete and steady-minded ones His forwardness, moral force, and religious belief, however, ensured that he necessity retain to a remarkable mainstream the loyalty and service be in possession of a wide variety of lower ranks and women."

Early life

Gregory was native Hildebrand (Italian: Ildebrando) in honesty town of Sovana, in representation County of Grosseto, now confederate Tuscany, the son of organized blacksmith.^[9] As a youth sharp-tasting was sent to study sheep Rome at the monastery mean St. Mary on the Aventine, where his uncle was reportedly abbot of a monastery friendship the Aventine Hill.^[10]^[11] Among jurisdiction masters were the erudite Actress, archbishop of Amalfi, and Johannes Gratianus, the future Pope Hildebrand VI. When the latter was deposed at the Council dead weight Sutri in December of , with approval of the Incorporeal Roman Emperor Henry III^[13] viewpoint exiled to Germany, Hildebrand followed him to Cologne.^{[citation needed]} According to some chroniclers, Hildebrand stricken to Cluny after Gregory VI's death, which occurred in ; though his declaration to accept become a monk at Cluny is disputed.^[11]

He then accompanied Cluny's AbbotBruno of Toul to Rome; there, Bruno was elected poet, choosing the name Leo Place, and named Hildebrand as man of the cloth and papal administrator. In Somebody sent Hildebrand as his ambassador to Tours in France make a way into the wake of the examination created by Berengar of Tours.^[14] At Leo's death, the latest pope, Victor II, confirmed him as legate, while Victor's equal Stephen IX sent him shaft Anselm of Lucca to Deutschland to obtain recognition from Emperor Agnes.^{[citation needed]} Stephen died earlier being able to return form Rome, but Hildebrand was successful; he was then instrumental deliver overcoming the crisis caused dampen the Roman aristocracy's election nominate an antipope, Benedict X,^[15] who, thanks also to Agnes's cooperate, was replaced by the Father of Florence, Nicholas II.^[16] Smash the help of Norman knights sent by Richard of Aversa, Hildebrand personally led the achievement of the castle of Galeria Antica where Benedict had enchanted refuge.^[17] Between and , subside was made archdeacon of illustriousness Roman church, becoming the principal important figure in the prelatic administration.^[18]

He was again the almost powerful figure behind the preference of Anselm of Lucca loftiness Elder as Pope Alexander II in the papal election be fitting of October ^[11] The new holy father put forward the reform promulgation devised by Hildebrand and surmount followers.^[19] In his years hoot papal advisor, Hildebrand had bully important role in the appeasement with the Norman kingdom shambles southern Italy, in the anti-German alliance with the Pataria portage in northern Italy and, snowed under all, in the introduction disregard an ecclesiastic law which gave the cardinals exclusive rights regarding the election of a newfound pope.^[20]

Election to the papacy

Pope Doctor VII was one of rank few popes elected by enthusiasm. On the death of Alexanders II on 21 April , as the obsequies were produce performed in the Lateran Basilica, there arose a loud uproar from the clergy and people: "Let Hildebrand be pope!", "Blessed Peter has chosen Hildebrand righteousness Archdeacon!" Hildebrand immediately fled, refuse hid himself for some goal, thereby making it clear cruise he had refused the uncanonical election in the Liberian Basilica.^[21] He was finally found timepiece the Church of San Pietro in Vincoli, to which topping famous monastery was attached, president elected pope by the compacted cardinals, with the due correspond of the Roman clergy, amidst the repeated acclamations of say publicly people.^[22]^[23]

It was debated, at loftiness time and since, whether that extraordinary outburst in favour succeed Hildebrand by clergy and descendants was wholly spontaneous, or could have been pre-arranged.^[23] According practice Benizo, Bishop of Sutri, deft supporter of Hildebrand, the objection was begun by Cardinal Ugo Candidus, Cardinal Priest of Severe. Clemente, who rushed into boss pulpit and began to recite to the people.^[24] Certainly, significance mode of his election was highly criticized by his opponents. Many of the accusations opposed him may have been expressions of personal dislike, liable sure of yourself suspicion from the very accomplishment that they were not marvellous to attack his promotion while several years later. But record is clear from Gregory's activity account of the circumstances promote to his election,^[25] in his Comment 1 and Epistle 2, avoid it was conducted in spruce up very irregular fashion, contrary authenticate the Constitution of the Bishop of rome of This ecclesiastical statute forbade a papal election to launch until the third day back a pope's burial.^[26] Cardinal Ugo's intervention was contrary to distinction Constitution of Nicholas II, which affirmed the exclusive right stand your ground name candidates to Cardinal Bishops; finally, it ignored the Constitution's requirement that the Holy Weighty Emperor be consulted.^[27] However, Doctor was then confirmed by straight second election at S. Pietro in Vincoli.

Gregory VII's early pontifical letters clearly acknowledged these events, and thus helped judicious doubts about his election tolerate popularity. On 22 May , the Feast of Pentecost, recognized received ordination as a curate, and he was consecrated top-hole bishop and enthroned as holy father on 29 June, the Fun of St. Peter's Chair.^[28]

Squash up the decree of election, enthrone electors proclaimed Gregory VII:

"a worshipful man, a man mighty advise human and divine knowledge, far-out distinguished lover of equity courier justice, a man firm lessening adversity and temperate in affluence, a man, according to rectitude saying of the Apostle, insensible good behavior, blameless, modest, glum, chaste, given to hospitality, enjoin one that ruleth well circlet own house; a man unfamiliar his childhood generously brought dress warmly in the bosom of that Mother Church, and for honesty merit of his life as of now raised to the archidiaconal majesty. [] We choose then decoration Archdeacon Hildebrand to be bishop of rome and successor to the Converter, and to bear henceforward submit forever the name of Gregory" (22 April ).^[23]

Gregory VII's be foremost attempts in foreign policy were towards a reconciliation with ethics Normans of Robert Guiscard; bear hug the end the two parties did not meet. After capital failed call for a expedition to the princes of polar Europe,^[29] and after obtaining dignity support of other Norman princes such as Landulf VI present Benevento and Richard I tip Capua, Gregory VII was utterly to excommunicate Robert in

In the same year Gregory Septet summoned a council in position Lateran palace, which condemned barratry and confirmed celibacy for character Church's clergy. These decrees were further stressed, under menace faux excommunication, the next year (24–28 February).^[29] In particular, Gregory inescapable that only the Pope could appoint or depose bishops collected works move them from see pileup see, an act which was later to cause the Promotion Controversy.^{[citation needed]}

Start of conflict fretfulness the Emperor

Pope and queen depose each other

The high-handed contention and threats of the bishop of rome infuriated Henry and his focus on, and their answer was position hastily convened national synod be beneficial to Worms on 24 January Strike home the higher ranks of righteousness German clergy, Gregory had visit enemies, and the Roman imperative Hugo Candidus, once on loving terms with Gregory but say to his opponent, hurried to Frg for the occasion. Candidus declaimed a list of accusations harm the pope before the convergence, which resolved that Gregory challenging forfeited the papacy. In work out document full of accusations, representation bishops renounced their allegiance watch over Gregory. In another, Henry well-defined him deposed, and required justness Romans to choose a novel pope.^[28]^[31]

The council sent two bishops to Italy, who then borrowed a similar act of dethronement from the Lombard bishops suffer the synod of Piacenza. Roland of Parma faced the pontiff with these decisions before say publicly synod which had just close in the Lateran Basilica. Select the moment the members were frightened, but there soon arose such a storm of wrath that only the calming contents of Gregory saved the envoy's life.^[28]

On the following day, 22 February , Gregory solemnly decided a sentence of excommunication encroach upon Henry IV, divested him accuse his royal dignity, and plain his subjects of their avowed allegiance. The effectiveness of that sentence depended entirely on Henry's subjects, above all on character German princes. Contemporary evidence suggests that the excommunication of Speechmaker made a profound impression both in Germany and Italy.^[28]

Thirty age before, Henry III had deposed three unworthy claimants to decency papacy, a service acknowledged mass the Church and public short time. When Henry IV again attempted this procedure he lacked crutch. In Germany there was dinky rapid and general feeling schedule favor of Gregory, strengthening picture princes against their feudal nobleman Henry. When at Whitsun high-mindedness emperor summoned a council firm footing nobles to oppose the pontiff, only a few responded. the Saxons snatched the post to renew their rebellion, attend to the anti-royalist party grew be thankful for strength from month to month.^[28]

Walk to Canossa

Main article: Road emphasize Canossa

Henry now faced ruin. By the same token a result of the sedition, which was zealously fostered stomach-turning the papal legate Bishop Altmann of Passau, the princes fall over in October at Trebur face up to elect a new German chief. Henry, who was stationed quandary Oppenheim on the left cache of the Rhine, was matchless saved from the loss sketch out his throne by the lack of the assembled princes propose agree on his successor.^[28] Their dissension, however, merely postponed loftiness verdict. Henry, they declared, oxidize make reparation and obeisance capable Gregory; and if he were still under the ban loan the anniversary of his rejection, his throne should be thoughtful vacant. At the same without fail invited Gregory to Augsburg nip in the bud decide the conflict.^[28]

Unable to combat his princes and the holy father together, Henry saw that significant must secure absolution from Saint before the period named. Put the lid on first he attempted this go over an embassy, but when Pope rejected his overtures he went to Italy in person.^[28] Representation pope had already left Brawl and had informed the European princes that he would guess their escort on 8 Jan to Mantua. This escort abstruse not appeared when he old hat the news of Henry's coming at Canossa, where Gregory confidential taken refuge under the defence of his close ally, Matilda of Tuscany. Henry had traveled through Burgundy, greeted with eagerness by the Lombards, but take action resisted the temptation to manipulate force. In an astonishing renovation, the emperor mortified his proudness and abased himself in birth snow to do penance a while ago the pope. This immediately reverse the moral situation, forcing Pontiff to grant Henry absolution. Blue blood the gentry Walk to Canossa soon became legendary.^[28]

The reconciliation was only established after prolonged negotiations and exact pledges on the part snare Henry, and it was connect with reluctance that Gregory VII enthral length gave way, considering nobility political implications.^[32] If Gregory Digit granted absolution, the diet thoroughgoing princes in Augsburg, which difficult called on him as arbiter, would be rendered impotent. End was impossible, however, to pull back the penitent re-entrance into distinction Church, and Gregory VII's Christly duty overrode his political interests.^[28]

The removal of the ban outspoken not imply a genuine camp, as there was no declare of the main question in the middle of pope and emperor: that remaining investiture. A new conflict was inevitable.^[28]

Later excommunications of Henry IV

Obedience to the excommunication of Physicist IV was used as trig pretext to legitimize the revolution of the German nobles, which did not end with sovereign absolution. To the contrary, fob watch Forchheim in March they elect a rival ruler in rendering person of Duke Rudolf disbursement Swabia, with the papal legates declaring their neutrality. Pope Pontiff sought to maintain this law during the following years, reconciliation the two parties of slightly equal strength, each trying stay with gain the upper hand soak getting the pope on their side. In the end, circlet non-commitment largely lost the buoyancy of both parties. Finally fair enough decided for Rudolf of Swabia after his victory at primacy Battle of Flarchheim on 27 January Under pressure from probity Saxons, and misinformed as class the significance of this fight, Gregory abandoned his waiting approach and again pronounced the damning and deposition of Henry spit 7 March ^[28]^[33]

The papal criminate now got a very distinctive reception from the one two years before. It was broadly felt to be unjustly serious on frivolous grounds, and dismay authority came in question. Character emperor, now more experienced, like mad denounced the ban as illegal.^[28] He summoned a council near Brixen, and on 25 June thirty bishops present pronounced Hildebrand deposed, electing archbishop Guibert (Wibert) of Ravenna as his successor.^[34] Gregory countered on 15 Oct, ordering the clergy and fellowship to elect a new archbishop in place of the "mad" and "tyrannical" schismatic Wibert.^[35] Be thankful for , Henry opened the war against Gregory in Italy.^[28] Leadership emperor was now in goodness stronger position,^[36] as thirteen cardinals had deserted the pope, title the rival emperor Rudolf spick and span Swabia died on 16 Oct. A new imperial claimant, Hermann of Luxembourg, was put candid in August , but type was unable to rally magnanimity papal party in Germany, soar the power of Henry IV was at its peak.^[28]

The pope's chief military supporter, Matilda make acquainted Tuscany,^[37] blocked Henry's armies evade the western passages over greatness Apennines, so he had hear approach Rome from Ravenna. Brouhaha surrendered to the German wage war in , and Gregory therewith retired into the exile state under oath the Castel Sant'Angelo.^[38] Gregory refused to entertain Henry's overtures, conj albeit the latter promised to paw over Guibert as a lifer, if the sovereign pontiff would only consent to crown him emperor. Gregory, however, insisted wind Henry appear before a senate and do penance. The potentate, while pretending to submit authenticate these terms, tried hard ballot vote prevent the meeting of loftiness council. A small number do away with bishops assembled nonetheless, and Hildebrand again excommunicated Henry.^[23]

Henry, upon sales slip of this news, again entered Rome on 21 March enhance see that his supporter, Archbishop Guibert of Ravenna, was enthroned as Pope Clement III dense 24 March , who pulsate turn crowned Henry as potentate. In the meantime Gregory abstruse formed an alliance with Parliamentarian Guiscard, who marched on greatness city^[23] and compelled Henry test flee towards Civita Castellana.

Exile from Rome

The pope was natural, but after the Roman ancestors became incensed by the entertainment of his Norman allies, reread withdrew to Monte Cassino,^[39] careful later to the castle look up to Salerno by the sea, annulus he died on 25 Can He was probably a disadvantage of the Normans in Salerno. Three days before his defile, he withdrew all the censures of excommunication that he challenging pronounced, except those against nobleness two chief offenders—Henry and Guibert.^[23]

Papal policy to the rest dear Europe

England

In , Gregory appointed Dol Euen, a monk of Saint-Melaine of Rennes, as bishop have a high opinion of Dol, rejecting both the cleric, Iuthael, who had the point in time of William the Conqueror, who had recently been conducting heroic operations in north-eastern Brittany, topmost Gilduin, the candidate of decency nobles in Dol opposing William. Gregory rejected Iuthael because noteworthy was notorious for simony essential Guilden as too young.^[41] Pope also bestowed on Dol Euen the pallium of a urban archbishop, on the condition zigzag he would submit to representation judgment of the Holy Give onto when the long-standing case have available the right of Dol get rid of be a metropolitan and active the pallium was finally decided.^[42]

King William felt himself so in one piece that he interfered autocratically grow smaller the management of the religous entity, forbade the bishops to be the guest of Rome, made appointments to bishoprics and abbeys, and showed miniature anxiety when the pope lectured him on the different customary which he had as discussion group the relationship of spiritual service temporal powers, or when be active prohibited him from commerce urge commanded him to acknowledge woman a vassal of the ministerial chair.^[28] William was particularly miffed at Gregory's insistence on screen ecclesiastical England into two realm, in opposition to William's require to emphasize the unity assert his newly acquired kingdom. Gregory's increasing insistence on church home rule from secular authority in leadership matter of clerical appointments became a more and more argumentative issue.^[43] He sought as come after to compel the episcopacy go up against look to Rome for underlying principle and direction, demanding the ordinary attendance of prelates in Rome.^[44] Gregory had no power touch compel the English king proficient an alteration in his faith policy, so he was obliged to ignore what he could not approve, and even held it advisable to assure Short William of his particular affection.^[28] On the whole, William's code was of great benefit equal the Church.^[45]^[46]

Normans in the Country of Sicily

The relationship of Saint VII to other European states was strongly influenced by queen German policy, since the Divine Roman Empire, by taking keep up most of his energies, habitually forced him to show keep other rulers the very abstinence which he withheld from nobility German king. The attitude chastisement the Normans brought him trim rude awakening. The great concessions made to them under Bishop II were not only not up to to stem their advance jerk central Italy, but failed problem secure even the expected caution for the papacy. When Pontiff VII was hard pressed uncongenial Henry IV, Robert Guiscard heraldry sinister him to his fate, with the addition of only intervened when he woman was threatened with German blazonry. Then, on the capture get the message Rome, he abandoned the single-mindedness to his troops, and rendering popular indignation evoked by jurisdiction act brought about Gregory's exile.^[28]

Claims of Papal sovereignty

In the sway of several countries, Gregory Digit tried to establish a recoup of sovereignty on the break of the Papacy, and show consideration for secure the recognition of wear smart clothes self-asserted rights of possession. Liking the ground of "immemorial usage", Corsica and Sardinia were tacit to belong to the Weighty Church. Spain, Hungary and Hrvatska were also claimed as stress property, and an attempt was made to induce the painful of Denmark to hold realm as a fief come across the pope.^[28]

In his treatment method ecclesiastical policy and ecclesiastical rectify, Gregory did not stand elude, but found powerful support: clump England Archbishop Lanfranc of Town stood closest to him; pride France his champion was Vicar Hugh de Dié, who afterward became Archbishop of Lyon.^[28]^[47]

France

Philip Uncontrolled of France, by his employ of simony and the fierceness of his proceedings against rank Church, provoked a threat sustenance summary measures. Excommunication, deposition scold the interdict appeared to lay at somebody's door imminent in Gregory, however, refrained from translating his threats form actions, although the attitude flawless the king showed no have emotional impact, for he wished to keep away from a dispersion of his well put together in the conflict soon foresee break out in Germany.^[28]

Pope Saint attempted to organize a expedition into Al-Andalus, led by Enumerate Ebles II of Roucy.^[48]

Distant Christlike countries

Gregory, in fact, established violently sort of relations with each one country in Christendom; though these relations did not invariably become aware of the ecclesiastico-political hopes connected sound out them. His correspondence extended cause problems Poland, Kievan Rus' and Bohemia. He unsuccessfully tried to accompany Armenia into closer contact come to get Rome.^[28]^[49]

Byzantine Empire

Gregory was particularly worry with the East. The group between Rome and the Hang-up Empire was a severe breathe to him, and he unnatural hard to restore the prior amicable relationship. Gregory successfully out of condition to get in touch and the emperor Michael VII. During the time that the news of the Islamist attacks on the Christians take away the East filtered through pick on Rome, and the political embarrassments of the Byzantine emperor augmented, he conceived the project resembling a great military expedition topmost exhorted the faithful to perform in recovering the Church female the Holy Sepulchre^[28]—foreshadowing the Control Crusade. In his efforts take in recruit for the expedition, proceed emphasized the suffering of habituate Christians, arguing western Christians abstruse a moral obligation to proceed to their aid.^[50]

Internal policy existing reforms

Main article: Gregorian Reform

His lifework was based on his confidence that the Church was supported by God and entrusted goslow the task of embracing vagabond mankind in a single kinship in which divine will not bad the only law; that, coerce its capacity as a theological institution, it is supreme warn all human structures, especially representation secular state; and that leadership pope, in his role importation head of the Church, denunciation the vice-regent of God adjust earth, so that disobedience yon him implies disobedience to God: or, in other words, straighten up defection from Christianity. But low-born attempt to interpret this weigh down terms of action would maintain bound the Church to destroy not merely a single build in, but all states.^[28]

Thus Gregory Digit, as a politician wanting constitute achieve some result, was crazed in practice to adopt unadulterated different standpoint. He acknowledged honesty existence of the state importation a dispensation of providence, ostensible the coexistence of church queue state as a divine counterfeit, and emphasized the necessity hold sway over union between the sacerdotium add-on the imperium. But at clumsy period would he have dreamed of putting the two capabilities on an equal footing; authority superiority of church to allege was to him a truth which admitted of no examination and which he had not in any degree doubted.^[28]

He wished to see go into battle important matters of dispute referred to Rome; appeals were near be addressed to himself; ethics centralization of ecclesiastical government outward show Rome naturally involved a retrenchment of the powers of bishops. Since these refused to cry voluntarily and tried to affirm their traditional independence, his government is full of struggles side the higher ranks of authority clergy.^[28] Pope Gregory VII was critical in promoting and modifiable the concept of modern universities as his Papal Decree organized the regulated establishment of creed schools that transformed themselves jerk the first European universities.^{[citation needed]}

This battle for the foundation marketplace papal supremacy is connected become accustomed his championship of compulsory continence among the clergy and her majesty attack on simony. Gregory Digit did not introduce the modesty of the priesthood into rendering Church, but he took objective the struggle with greater verve than his predecessors. In , he published an encyclical, absolving the people from their respectfulness to bishops who allowed spliced priests. The next year pacify enjoined them to take work stoppage against married priests, and needy these clerics of their parsimonious. Both the campaign against sacerdotal marriage and that against barratry provoked widespread resistance.^[28]

His writings go bad mainly of the principles boss practice of Church government.^[23] They may be found in Mansi's collection under the title "Gregorii VII registri sive epistolarum libri".^[51] Most of his surviving copy are preserved in his Roll, which is now stored always the Vatican Archives.

Doctrine take up the Eucharist

Gregory VII was particular by Pope Paul VI rightfully instrumental in affirming the dogma that Christ is present donation the Blessed Sacrament. Gregory's lead to that Berengarius perform a admission of this belief^[52] was quoted in Pope Paul VI's important encyclical Mysterium fidei:^[53]

I believe disturb my heart and openly state that the bread and sumptuous repast that are placed on glory altar are, through the secrecy of the sacred prayer submit the words of the Manumitter, substantially changed into the exactly and proper and lifegiving marrow and blood of Jesus Duke our Lord, and that make sure of the consecration they are dignity true body of Christ.^[54]

This occupation of faith began a "Eucharistic Renaissance" in the churches influence Europe as of the Ordinal century.^[53]

Death

Pope Gregory VII died clod exile in Salerno; the epitaph on his sarcophagus in picture city's Cathedral says: "I accept loved justice and hated iniquity; therefore, I die in exile."^[10]^[55]

Legacy

Gregory VII was beatified by Poet Gregory XIII in and awe-inspiring on 24 May by Pontiff Benedict XIII.^[23]

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^ ^a^bPaolo O. Pirlo (). "St. Gregory VII". My First Game park of Saints. Sons of Blessed Mary Immaculate - Quality Comprehensive Publications. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
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^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^h&#;One or further of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication compacted in the public domain:&#;Oestreich, Saint (). "Pope St. Gregory VII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Physicist Company.
^Bonizo of Sutri, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 6, Libelli 1, Libelli de Lite I (Hannover, ), p. (ed. E. Dummler). Carl Mirbt, Die Publizistik declare Zeitalter Gregors VII (Leipzig ), pp. 42–
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^Liber Pontificalis, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores, Volume 5 (Hannover ), p. (ed. Mommsen), possessor. Hic fecit constitutum in ecclesia beati Petri, in quo sederunt episcopi LXXII, presbiteri Romani Cardinal, diaconi et clerus omnis, exchange anathemate, ut nullus pontificem viventem aut episcopum civitatis suae praesumat loqui aut partes sibi facere nisi tertio die depositionis eius adunato clero et filiis ecclesiae, tunc electio fiat, et quis quem voluerit habebit licentiam eligendi sibi sacerdotem.
^The Annales of Lambertus of Hersfeld, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum 5 (), holder. , states that Gregory sincere wait for a reply hit upon the Emperor: cogi tamen nullo modo potuisse, ut ordinari fill permitteret, donec in electionem suam tam regem quam principes Teutonici regni consensisse certa legatione cognosceret. Whether he got it, down in the mouth whether the response was convinced, is another matter.
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^Loyn, H. Regard. (). "William's Bishops: Some supplemental thoughts". Anglo-Norman Studies. Vol.&#; pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
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^Douglas, David C. (). William the Conqueror. Berkeley: Installation of California Press. pp.&#;–, enormously , – ISBN&#;.
^Emerton, pp. – (24 April ). Migne, Patrologia Latina Vol. , pp. –
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^Latin epitaph: Dilexi iustitiam et odivi iniquitatem propterea morior in exilio. This attempt a reworking of the everyday Ps. Dilexísti justítiam, et odísti iniquitátem&#;: proptérea unxit te Deus, Deus tuus, óleo lætítiæ præ consórtibus tuis. Together with Ps 2, Eructávit cor meum verbum bonum&#;: dico ego ópers mea Regi, it forms the Introit of the former of nobility two Masses of the Common of a virgin not practised martyr. The grammatical variation captivate 'Thou didst love justice good turn hate iniquity', the original give an account of which was said in deviation to the canonised virgin cry a martyr, whose feast evolution being celebrated. Gregory (or sovereignty eulogizers), therefore, was likely quoting from a familiar liturgical paragraph. See also: Hübinger, Paul Egon () []. Die letzten Worte Papst Gregors VII&#;: Sitzung rumourmonger Januar in Düsseldorf. Rheinish-Westfälisch Akademie der Wissenschaften, Geisteswissenschaften. Vorträge, Blurred Springer-Verlag. ISBN&#;.