Marduk biography of michael

National god of the Babylonians

This piece is about the Babylonian maker. For the Swedish black conductor band, see Marduk (band). Take over other uses, see Marduk (disambiguation).

Marduk (Cuneiform: 𒀭𒀫𒌓; Sumerian: amar utu.k "calf of the sun; solar calf"; Hebrew: מְרֹדַךְ, Modern:&#;Merōdaḵ, Tiberian:&#;Mərōḏaḵ) is a god from full of years Mesopotamia and patron deity clamour Babylon who eventually rose theorist power in the 1st millenary BC. In Babylon, Marduk was worshipped in the temple Esagila. His symbol is the nigga and he is associated deal in the Mušḫuššu.

By the 1st millenary BC, Marduk had become astrologically associated with the planet Jove. He was a prominent conformation in Babylonian cosmology, especially keep in check the Enūma Eliš creation legend.

Name

The name of Marduk was solely spelled as ^d bit the Old Babylonian Period, though other spellings such as MES and ^d were also gradient use since the Kassite Span. In the 1st millennium BC, the ideograms ^dŠU and KU were regularly used. The ideogram for Adad is also uncommonly used to spell Marduk.

Texts go over the top with the Old Babylonian period help the pronunciation Marutu or Marutuk, with the shortened spelling Martuk or Marduk attested starting outsider the Kassite period. His reputation in Hebrew, Merodak, supports representation longer version, and First Millenary Assyrian and Babylonian texts profession the long spelling when rank circumstances call for the explicit form of the name. Depiction personal name Martuku is fret to be confused with primacy god Marduk. Marduk was usually called Bēl (lord) in righteousness First Millennium BC.

The etymology sustenance the name Marduk is customarily understood to be derived unearth ^damar-utu-(a)k, meaning "bull-calf of Utu". Sommerfield suggests this is lazy to explain the name Merodach in the Enuma Elish: restructuring "He is the "son close the eyes to the sun^[a]" of the balcony, radiant is he." While leadership name may suggest a pleasure with Shamash, Marduk has rebuff genealogy with the sun spirit. However, Babylon was closely contingent with the city of Sippar in this period, which hawthorn have been the reason long for the name.

History

3rd millennium BC

Marduk, down with the city of City, was unimportant and sparsely true in the 3rd millennium BC. The earliest mention to Merodach comes from a fragmentary label, most likely dating to blue blood the gentry Early Dynastic II period. In the buff is left by an undisclosed ruler of the city interpret (likely Babylon) who constructed spiffy tidy up temple for Marduk. A passage from the Fara period seems to mention Marduk without influence divine determinative, and a flake of a god list yield Abu Salabikh contains ^dutu-ama[r], budding Marduk written with reversed conceive of order. A dubious reference beside Marduk in the Ur Leash period comes from the tenable personal name “Amar-Sin is description star of Marduk", although Johandi suggests that the god Martu who appeared together with Enki and Damgalnuna in the Quality of sound III period could possibly relate instead to the similarly baptized Marduk who is otherwise absent in Ur III documentation, similarly Martu is later attested secure have a different parentage (Anu and Urash) and Marduk critique later considered the son discover Enki/Ea.^[18] If so, this could be evidence that Marduk was already part of the pantheon of Eridu in the Be careful III period.

Old Babylonian period

Main article: Old Babylonian period

Under Sumu-la-El, Marduk appeared in oaths turf several year names, namely twelvemonth name 22, which recorded formulation a throne for Marduk, boss year name 24, which real making a statue for Zarpanitum. Marduk also started to engrave in theophoric names, which would become more frequent in righteousness following decades but would carry on rare, appearing in less outweigh 1% of names, although neatness would grow to % go down Hammurabi. During the reigns classic Sabium, Apil-Sin and Sin-muballit, Merodach started to be mentioned case of the city of City and was invoked alongside regional gods in cities subject acquaintance the Babylonian kings. Starting circumvent the reign of Hammurabi, sanctuaries to Marduk were found interchangeable other cities.

In the Old Metropolis Period, while Marduk is celebrate to be the ruler staff the people, there is negation evidence that Hammurabi or consummate successors promoted Marduk at picture expense of other was break off recognized as the highest move about, and Marduk was far hit upon being the pantheon head, in place of appearing to be a peacemonger between the great gods dowel Hammurabi.^[27] This is also verbalized in inscriptions from Hammurabi's beneficiary Samsu-iluna, expressing that he receives Enlil's orders through the irritate gods, such as Ishtar, Zababa, Shamash and of course Marduk.

A key development during the Clasp Babylonian period was the league of Marduk with the pantheon of Eridu. Marduk was syncretized with Asalluhi in the afterward half of the Old City period, and the opening all but the Code of Hammurabi recollect Ea as the father find Marduk, a genealogy that would remain canonical. God lists get round the Old Babylonian period off place him within the salvo of Enki. TCL 15 10 lists Asalluhi and Marduk although separate gods, but close concoct in the list. Lambert suggests that this may be erior intrusion by another scribe, prosperous that the editor scribe blunt so under the belief become absent-minded Marduk and Asalluhi were birth same god. Johandi on primacy other hand suggests that Merodach and Asalluhi were not specific to as the same god, on the contrary were viewed to be tied up to one another.^[31] The Nippur God List also lists Asalluhi and Marduk separately, with Merodach appearing seventy names before Asalluhi.^[32] In the Weidner god folder, however, it appears that Merodach and Asalluhi were viewed little the same god.^[33]

According to rectitude Marduk prophecy and inscriptions set in motion Agum II, the statue conduct operations Marduk and Zarpanitum were apathetic from Babylon by Mursili Side-splitting during his raid on City (middle chronology BC), which was returned during the reign holiday Agum II.

Middle Babylonian period

Main article: Middle Babylonian period

In the White period, theophoric names containing Merodach grew to over 10%, dominant the local temple to Merodach in Nippur was firmly systematic and well established. The Cassite kings sometimes gave Marduk showy epithets, showing Marduk's growing reputation, however Enlil still ranks because the most important Mesopotamian genius, still heading the list cutting edge with Anu and Ea. Near least five Kassite kings drill theophoric names containing Enlil, remarkable Kassite kings, especially Nazi-Maruttash become more intense Kudur-Enlil, are known to keep visited Nippur at the inception of the year. Kurigalzu calls himself the "regent of Enlil" and Dur-Kurigalzu's temple complex holds temples to Enlil, Ninlil gift Ninurta.

There are two administrative deed from Nippur from the reigns of two Kassite kings, as likely as not Nazi-Maruttash and Shagarakti-Shuriash, that upon the celebration of the akitu festival connected to Marduk. On text claims the late White king Adad-shuma-usur embarked on spiffy tidy up pilgrimage from Babylon to Borsippa and Kutha, Marduk, Nabu nearby Nergal respectively. However, there categorize reasons to doubt the historicity of these texts, especially character alleged journey of Adad-shuma-usur because the trio of Marduk, Nebo and Nergal fit the beliefs of the 1st millennium BC. Nonetheless, the texts could the makings evidence that the rise appreciated Marduk was a gradual key up that began before Nebuchadnezzar Uncontrolled. Similarly, in the god listing An = Anum the back copy 50, Enlil's number, was allotted to Marduk instead.

A private information dating to the reign admit Ashur-uballit I in Assyria refers to a sanctuary of Merodach in the city of Metropolis. A gate of Marduk was also attested in Assur affluent the 13th Century. Similar telling off the Neo-Assyrian period, Marduk was mentioned to receive offerings existing gifts in Assur. In magnanimity Coronation text of Tukulti-Ninurta, Merodach even received the same first of offerings as Ashur. Integrity statue of Marduk was hector off by Tukulti-Ninurta I appoint Assyria, where it would tarry until it was returned. Blue blood the gentry cult of Marduk in Assyria would remain attested in authority Neo-Assyrian period.

Marduk was gantry in Ugarit in an Semitic hymn that may have antediluvian part of the scribal nursery school curriculum.

During the Kassite period, Nebo, previously the scribe of Merodach, came to be viewed in that Marduk's son.

Second dynasty of Isin

By the time of the Isin II dynasty, an established syncretism of Babylon and Nippur (and by extension Marduk and Enlil) was in place. The calumny of the city walls were switched, with Imgur-Enlil and Nimit-Enlil in Babylon while Imgur-Marduk put forward Nimit-Marduk were in Nippur. On the rocks first millennium bilingual hymn quick Nippur links Babylon and Nippur together:

Nippur is the authorization of Enlil, Babylon is consummate favorite. Nippur and Babylon, their meaning is the same.

The philosophy of the supremacy of Merodach is generally viewed to own been promoted by Nebuchadnezzar Crazed and his successors. Nebuchadnezzar's erelong campaign into Elam and interpretation return of the statue refreshing Marduk that was carried happen as expected to Elam by either Shutruk-Nahhunte or his son Kutir-Nahhunte give back BC is thought to credit to the trigger. However, there rummage chronological problems regarding the annexation of the statue by primacy Elamites, as the statue countless Marduk abducted by Tukulti-Ninurta Beside oneself wasn't returned yet by blue blood the gentry Assyrians before the Elamites sack Babylon in BC. Johnson suggests that Tukulti-Ninurta could have occupied a different statue of Merodach while the main cult believe was taken by Kuter-Nahhunte, onetime Bányai believes that immediately masses the return of the casting of Marduk by Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur unadulterated second invasion by Kuter-Nahhunte be borne off the same statue.

Nonetheless, prelude from the reign of King, acknowledgement of Marduk's supremacy double other gods was now probity norm. A kudurru dating fit in the reign of Nebuchadnezzar claims that Marduk, now the "king of the gods" directly dispatched Nebuchadnezzar and gave him weapons, and in the Epic manipulate Nebuchadnezzar, it is Marduk who commanded the gods to put off Babylonia. A kudurru from primacy reign of Enlil-nadin-apli calls Merodach the "king of the balcony, the lord of the lands," a title that Enlil universally held. Likewise, when Simbar-shipak, rendering first king of the In a short time Dynasty of Sealand, made Enlil a replacement throne for loftiness one made by Nebuchadnezzar, false his mind this was in fact dedicated to Marduk. Other texts, such as Akkadian prayers advocate incantations also call Marduk nobleness king of the gods.

1st millenary BC

The earliest copy of loftiness Enuma Elish, the Babylonian lofty of creation, was found of the essence the city of Assur meticulous dated to the 9th c although the text could active back to the Isin II period. Dalley believes that goodness Enuma Elish may have bent composed during the Old City Period, although other scholars re-examination it unlikely. The Enuma Elish describes Marduk's ascendance to principality by defeating Tiamat. In depiction end, Marduk is proclaimed ethics ruler, declares Babylon as picture city of kingship, received reward fifty names (fifty being righteousness number of Enlil), while Enlil is ignored.

In Assyrian sources, heavyhanded of the mentions of Marduk's power and authority came suffer the loss of the reigns of the Sargonids. Generally, the Neo-Assyrian kings appalling for Babylon and the hard of Marduk. Shalmaneser III visited multiple Babylonian sanctuaries, including lapse of h-pileser III, after boastful Babylonia, participated in the Akitu festival in Babylon, and Sargon II made Babylon his gift residence while Dur-Sharrukin was beneath construction and took part shoulder the Akitu. Marduk frequently appears in Assyrian royal inscriptions, formerly the Assyrian kings even gained control over Babylonia. In postscript from the Middle Assyrian period, an actual cult of Merodach seemed to have also existed in the Neo-Assyrian period. Illustriousness Assyrian Divine Directory mentioned go off a shrine to Marduk existed in the temple of Gluttony in Ashur in the Neo-Assyrian period. Marduk and his litter Nabu also shared a communion in Nineveh, although it seemed that Nabu was the vital deity in contrast to Marduk.

One exception was Sennacherib, who astern a series of revolts duct the extradition of the tiara prince Assur-nadin-shumi to the Elamites (who then probably killed him), decided to destroy Babylon. Justness Destruction of Babylon in BCE was, judging from Sennacherib's slash accounts, bad by Neo-Assyrian patterns. Outside of claiming to imitate destroyed the temples and probity cult statues, there was inept explicit mention of the caution of Marduk's statue, although Esarhaddon would later claim that decency cult statue was taken strange Babylon. Sennacherib followed with what has been called a transcendental green reform, the infrastructure of City being refashioned in the extremity of Babylon's, and the Akkadian edition of the Enuma Elish replaced Marduk with the genius Ashur (spelled as Anshar) at an earlier time Babylon with Assur (spelled bit Baltil). Other texts referencing Merodach were also adapted and clashing to fit Ashur instead, enthralled a bed and throne stanch to Marduk were rededicated comprise Ashur after the furniture was brought from Babylon to Ashur. The Marduk Ordeal contained cultic commentaries on the Akitu anniversary reinterpreted to refer to or Marduk’s punishment. However, the very radical reforms were reversed spoils the reign of his match Esarhaddon, who also oversaw rank reconstruction of Babylon and dignity eventual return of the tally of Marduk under Šamaš-šuma-ukin. Esarhaddon also crafted a narrative moderating both Sennacherib's destruction and rule rebuilding by citing Marduk's ecclesiastical anger as the cause representing Babylon's destruction, who originally necessary for the city to mistrust abandoned for seventy years, nevertheless Marduk relented and allowed Esarhaddon to rebuild it.^[b]

Nabonassar claimed avoid Marduk proclaimed him lordship captain had ordered him to "plunder his enemy's land" (referring support Assyria), who only ruled Chaldea due to divine anger. Smartness claimed that he killed birth Assyrian and laid waste get into his lands by the order of Marduk and Nabu prosperous with the weapons of Erra, which was the main triplex of the First Millennium City ideology. In literary texts stranger the Achaemenid and Seleucid eras, Marduk is said to control commissioned Nabonassar to take settling of scores with on the land of Akkad (Babylonia).

In royal inscriptions of magnanimity Neo-Babylonian kings, Marduk is elevated as the king of magnanimity gods and as the provenance of their authority, while Enlil is hardly ever mentioned leave out when in relation to character city of Nippur. In wonderful Late Babylonian god list, wearing away the gods on the link up with were identified with Marduk. Manner example, Ninurta was Marduk hill the pickaxe, Nabu was Merodach of accounting, Shamash was Merodach of justice and Tishpak was Marduk of the troops. That "syncretistic tendency" is observed look onto other late texts, where loftiness other gods appear as aspects of Marduk.

Cyrus, justifying his attainment of Babylonia, claimed that Merodach had abandoned Nabonidus who hurt Marduk by turning his make somebody late on the Esagila in rank Cyrus Cylinder. Another anti-Nabonidus passage, the Verse Account, explains wind Nabonidus favoured Sin over Merodach. Nabonidus’ reverence for the communications satellit god may have been now of familial roots to description city of Harran, and following he even revived the spiritual-minded institutions of Ur, the chief sanctuary of Sin.

Characteristics

Symbol

His symbol laboratory analysis the spade and he decay associated with the Mušḫuššu, cool dragon-like creature from Mesopotamian mythology.

Original role

Since sources pertaining to Merodach in the early periods burst in on sparse, Marduk's original role testing unknown. However, since Marduk exposed in the Abu Salabikh document behind three minor deities whose names point to a imaginable connection with the underworld, Johandi suggests that Marduk may hold been a minor god reciprocal to the underworld.^[81] Similarly, Oshima recently proposed that Marduk might have originally had a character similar to Nergal, which hawthorn even explain why the ideograph ^d is used in Anatolian texts to write the label of the god Šanta, who was similar in nature promote to Nergal. In the earlier front rank to the Udug Hul both Marduk and Asalluhi shallow together in a passage Merodach, in contrast to Asalluhi, does not help the victim however instead captures him, either now of his powerlessness or due to he simply refused to value. Oshima interpreted the passage since supporting the idea that Marduk's original role was illness obscure death. Similarly, in Sin-iddinam's plea to Ninisina, Asalluhi (here decided with Marduk) imposing an distressing spell on Sin-iddinam (the disheartening of Larsa) causing him contest become sick may reflect consider it Marduk's power to cause ill extended beyond the dominion waning Babylon. However Sommerfield, who formerly believed that there was miniature evidence for Marduk being agnate to magic, more recently optional that Marduk was originally pure god of incantations before ruler syncretism with Asalluhi. Jacobsen suggests that Marduk was originally boss storm god due to justness storm imageries in the Enuma Elish, wielding the four winds and storms as weapons, survive assigning to himself the vary and clouds that came breakout Tiamat's corpse. Abusch, citing Jacobsen, also believes that Marduk was a storm god, and possibly will have been associated with h and vegetation before joining greatness pantheon of Eridu as quicken is improbable to suppose renounce all of Marduk's traits show water as being taken raid the circle of Enki. Still, there is no other strive suggesting that Marduk was at or in the beginning a local storm god, increase in intensity the usage of wind unthinkable storm as weapons are party limited to storm gods. Schwemer points to Ninurta (who decline not a storm god) rightfully the original model for Merodach using storms, winds and floods as weapons. Schwemer also summarizes that although Marduk has donation that overlap with the gale god profile, it does sob mean that Marduk or curb gods in similar position (such as Ninurta, Martu, Telepinu attend to Tishpak) are necessarily storm balcony. Marduk's symbol, the spade, haw point to him originally bring into being a god of agriculture, epitomize more likely as a deity of canals and by time fertility. Unlike Abusch, Oshima believes that Marduk's association with h came from his association add-on canals. He is depicted likewise the supplier of water terminate Prayer to Marduk no.2, dating to the Kassite period, come first was praised as the bringer of water from rivers, irregular floods and rains to probity fields. Various prayers to Merodach refer to his connection slaughter springs and rivers, and Assurbanipal applies the epithet "the messenger inspector of the heavens stomach the earth" to Marduk^[c].

Marduk's anger and mercy

Sin-iddinam's prayer analysis Ninisina shares similar motifs accommodate the Prayer to Marduk no.1 and Ludlul bel nemeqi, veer Marduk's anger is blamed sustenance some certain ailment affecting depiction sufferer, and can only tweak remedied by Marduk having quarter and forgiving them. In high-mindedness Prayer to Marduk no.1, Merodach is asked to not termination his client, and in Ludlul Marduk is praised for monarch mercy after forgiving his customer. As such, some scholars request that Marduk was being unfading for his wrath, and austerity claim that Marduk comes aperture as having "unpredictable mood swings." Lambert also points to make sure of of Marduk's names in rendering Enuma Elish, Meršakušu ("savage, much relenting"), suggests that the Babylonians may have stressed Marduk's clemency so he could be physical savage, although Oshima proposes desert the Babylonians had to accent both his wrath and sympathy to appease him. Others confide in that the purpose of class poem was to stress defer Marduk's true inner quality was mercy and benevolence. The Entreaty to Marduk no.2, on excellence other hand, praises Marduk's independence to heal, which may take been as a result be totally convinced by syncretism with Asalluhi.

Connections to grandeur River Ordeal

Due to being birth son of Ea, Marduk abstruse connections with the River A difficult experience. Sin-iddinam's prayer to Ninisina too identified Idlurugu (the river ordeal) as the father of Marduk/Asalluhi, in contrast to the archetype genealogy.

Incantations

Marduk features in incantations delineate the Marduk-Ea type formula, prosperous which the god Ea/Enki engages in dialogue with his youngster Marduk/Asalluhi. The structure of representation formula starts with Marduk/Asalluhi noticing a problem and reporting in half a shake his father. Ea reassures monarch son about his knowledge snowball then proceeds to instruct circlet son on the procedures. Grind later incantations from the Gain victory Millenium BC, the priests as is usual claim to be direct representations of Marduk/Asalluhi, replacing the theological dialogue between father and son,^[] for example in Marduk's Location to the Demons the clergywoman starts by declaring themselves check in be Marduk. In Neo-Assyrian Assyria, Marduk was one of illustriousness major gods that incantation-prayers were directed at, with only Shamash being invoked more than Merodach. It is difficult to location if Marduk originally had a-okay role in incantations prior tip off being identified with Asalluhi. Merodach sometimes appears in the Sumerian-Akkadian bilinguals as the Akkadian reputation for Asalluhi, although Marduk current Asalluhi were also attested show accidentally appear separately in two changing texts, one being the spell against the evil Udug situation Marduk captured the victim as an alternative of helping in contrast come together Asalluhi who sought out Enki, the other being an sortilege against Lamashtu that listed Merodach and Asalluhi separately as determent to the demon.^[]

Myths and literature

Enuma Elish

Main article: Enuma Elish

The Enuma Elish, generally believed to be endowed with been composed in the Isin II period, details Marduk's get to one's feet to power as the tragic of the gods. There pronounce similarities between the Epic senior Creation and the Anzu tradition as well as other principles related to Ninurta. The Pad of Destinies is a clue object in both myths, settle down Marduk uses largely the amount to weapons as Ninurta. A ceremonial tablet mentions how the Intrepid of Creation would be recited and possibly reenacted during authority Akitu festival, on the spot day of the month clean and tidy Nisannu. The epic starts fringe by mentioning Apsu and Tiamat, here the oldest gods, increase in intensity created a younger generation cosy up the gods. However, Apsu was disturbed by their noisiness concentrate on decided to kill them. Flummoxed, however, found out about loftiness plot and kills Apsu ahead takes his splendour. Later Merodach was born to Ea humbling Damkina, and already at extraction he was special. Tiamat misuse decides to wage war counter the younger generation of picture gods, giving Kingu the Slab of Destinies and appointing him as the commander. Marduk volunteers to do battle against Tiamat and defeats her. The imitation was fashioned from Tiamat's stiff with Babylon as the feelings, and Marduk assumes kingship obtain receives his fifty names. Grandeur fifty names taken was family circle on the An = Anum god list, the columnar agree removed and slotted in. Ambush of his titles, bēl mātāti (king of the lands) from the beginning belonged to Enlil, who was conspicuously missing from the legendary except when he gave that title to Marduk

Ludlul bel nemeqi

Main article: Ludlul bel nemeqi

Also confessed as the "Babylonian Job," high-mindedness poem describes the narrator's support caused by Marduk's anger, feat him to lose his act of kindness and to experience hostility bring forth his friends and family. Diviners were incapable of helping him and his personal protective motivation and gods also did note come to help. He claims that nobody understood the bags of the gods, and undeterred by the narrator's protests of inexperience and that he had each been pious to the upper circle and never abandoned him, flair quickly became ill and was on death's bed. Then, inconsequential a series of dreams, put your feet up met a young man, break off incantation priest that purified him, a young woman with orderly godlike appearance who came done say that his suffering difficult to understand ended, and an incantation holy man from Babylon. Afterwards, the commentator praises Marduk's mercy which was the main point of rank text despite the expressions find time for Marduk's anger.

Epic of Erra

In probity Erra epic, Erra convinced Merodach to leave Esagil and appraise go to the netherworld, termination Erra to become king. Consequently, Erra wreaks havoc on mount the cities and causes unbalance. Marduk came back and lamented the state of Babylon. Distinct from the Enuma Elish which championed Marduk as the bringer have a high regard for peace and stability, Marduk levelheaded here the one who out instability by leaving his sofa, thus bringing darkness upon representation world. He also indirectly dead tired war by yielding to Erra.

Marduk Ordeal

Written in the Assyrian lingo, versions of the so-called Merodach Ordeal Text are known superior Assur, Nimrud and Nineveh. Set on fire sceneries and language familiar agree the procession of the Akitu Festival, here Marduk is in place of being held responsible for crimes committed against Ashur and was subject to a river hardship and imprisonment. The text opens with Nabu arriving in Metropolis looking for Marduk, his holy man. Tashmetum prayed to Sin view Shamash. Meanwhile, Marduk was creature held captive, the color slip on his clothes was reinterpreted to be his blood, become more intense the case was brought early payment to the god Ashur. Picture city of Babylon also supposedly rebelled against Marduk, and A Babylonian god learned that Marduk was entranced to the river ordeal. Merodach claims that everything was realize for the good of rendering god Ashur and prays appoint the gods to let him live^[d]. After various alternate cultic commentaries, the Assyrian version hook the Enuma Elish was recited, proclaiming Ashur's superiority. However, insult the content, the Marduk Tribulations was not simply an anti-Marduk piece of literature. At negation point was Marduk actually criminal of a crime, and probity end of the text seems to suggest that the veranda gallery fought to get Marduk admit by drilling holes through significance door which he is bunged up behind. Marduk also appeared take away the curse section, so soaking is possible that the largest part of the blame was not keep on the Babylonians for hero Marduk astray, while Marduk retains a position within the pantheon. While most attribute this subject to Sennacherib's destruction of City, Frymer-Kensky suggests that the qualifications could be the return carp Marduk's statue to Babylon adjust BCE.

Enmesharra's Defeat

Known from only double copy and with a sharply damaged top half, Enmesharra's Throw in the towel is likely composed in goodness Seleucid or Parthian era. Structurally similar to the Enuma Elish, the text starts with Enmesharra and his seven sons embarrassing against Marduk, who subsequently licked them and threw them happen to jail with Nergal as significance prison warden. The preserved allocation starts with Nergal announcing Marduk's judgement to Enmesharra that be active and his sons would perimeter be put to death, good turn Enmesharra laments about Marduk's disheartened judgement and pleads with Nergal. Nergal replies, but the paragraph breaks off. Nergal is spread shown to be escorting Enmesharra and his sons to Merodach, who first beheads the kids, and Enmesharra's radiance was escalate taken and given to Shamash. Nabu was also given illustriousness power of Ninurta, Nergal those of Erra, and Marduk took Enlil's power. Marduk, Nabu scold Nergal then shared the vest, which likely previously belonged regarding Anu, together. The gods were then assigned their cities, current a voice from heaven could be heard. A fish-goat famous Marduk as the exalted noble, and the text ends outstrip the gods gathering at City.

Syncretisms

Asalluhi

The earliest evidence of Asalluhi's syncretism with Marduk is Sin-iddinam's prayer to Ninisina,^[] where Asalluhi was called the "king break into Babylon.^[]" An Old Babylonian paragraph substitutes "son of Eridu" go all-out for "lord of Tintir" as wonderful title for Asalluhi (Tintir gaze another attested name for Babylon.) In Hammurabi's prayer to Asalluhi, he is clearly viewed owing to synonymous with Marduk.^[] However, farm animals a prayer for Samsu-iluna, Merodach and Asalluhi were mentioned little separate gods, suggesting that rectitude syncretism Marduk = Asalluhi was not yet fully established brand canonical in the Old City period. Johandi also suggests lose one\'s train of thought keeping Marduk and Asalluhi succeed was a deliberate act rubble the part of Samsu-iluna call on reclaim authority over the grey cities,^[] which were centers sum rebellion during the early age of his reign.

Sommerfield not obligatory that the syncretism of hawthorn have been due to both having a similar role because a god of incantations, simple because Asalluhi was more all right known in Southern Babylonia compared to Marduk, who was do a local god. Lambert besides believes the syncretism to break down a means to elevate Merodach to a more respectable situation. Johandi proposes that Marduk endure Asalluhi were identified for humdrum other reason other than spell, and Marduk only became uncomplicated god associated with magic care for being syncretized with Asalluhi.^[]

Enlil

The syncretism of Babylon and Nippur was in place from the Isin II period, and the calumny of the city walls were switched, with Imgur-Enlil and Nimit-Enlil in Babylon while Imgur-Marduk captivated Nimit-Marduk were in Nippur. Overtake extension, Marduk was also persistent with Enlil, and in authority Isin II period Marduk was attested with Enlil's titles. Merodach was often called the "Enlil of the gods" in dignity First Millennium.

A statue blond Marduk, conveniently named "King hill the gods of Heaven with the Underworld" was placed donation Enlil's sanctuary in Babylon, flourishing Marduk receives the title bēl mātāti "king of the lands" in the Enuma Elish.

Tutu

The former patron deity of Borsippa. Though Hammurabi recognized Tutu's dominion whilst extending over Borsippa and E-zida, Tutu became another name friendship Marduk after Hammurabi, but became a byname for Nabu squeeze the First Millennium. Tutu was also a name for Merodach in the Enuma Elish. Smudge the bird call text, righteousness bird of Enmesharra calls saunter he sinned against Tutu, helter-skelter meaning Marduk.

See also

Notes

Citations

References