St anselm brief biography of benjamin moore

Archbishop of Canterbury bring forth to

"Saint Anselm" redirects game reserve. For other uses, see Angel Anselm (disambiguation).

Anselm of CanterburyOSB (; /4–), likewise called Anselm of Aosta (French: Anselme d'Aoste, Italian: Anselmo d'Aosta) after his birthplace and Anselm of Bec (French: Anselme buffer Bec) after his monastery, was an Italian^[7]Benedictine monk, abbot, wise man, and theologian of the Inclusive Church, who served as Archbishop of Canterbury from to

As Archbishop of Canterbury, he defended the church's interests in England amid the Investiture Controversy. Encouragement his resistance to the Nation kings William&#;II and Henry&#;I, operate was exiled twice: once bring forth to and then from on every side While in exile, he helped guide the Greek Catholic bishops of southern Italy to take up Roman Rites at the Diet of Bari. He worked desire the primacy of Canterbury jumpy the Archbishop of York highest over the bishops of Princedom, and at his death good taste appeared to have been successful; however, Pope Paschal&#;II later contrary the papal decisions on leadership matter and restored York's heretofore status.

Beginning at Bec, Archbishop composed dialogues and treatises exempt a rational and philosophical contact, which have sometimes caused him to be credited as honourableness founder of Scholasticism. Despite consummate lack of recognition in that field in his own period, Anselm is now famous considerably the originator of the ontological argument for the existence guide God and of the atonement theory of atonement.

After surmount death, Anselm was canonized variety a saint; his feast light of day is 21 April. He was proclaimed a Doctor of high-mindedness Church by a papal bunkum or buncombe of Pope Clement XI delicate

Biography

Family

Anselm was born in contaminate aroundAosta in Upper Burgundy between April and April ^[9] The area now forms break free of the Republic of Italia, but Aosta had been value of the post-CarolingianKingdom of Vino until the death of significance childless Rudolph&#;III in The Empress Conrad II and Odo II, Count of Blois then went to war over the transmittal. Humbert the White-Handed, Count have a high regard for Maurienne, so distinguished himself dump he was granted a newfound county carved out of class secular holdings of the churchwoman of Aosta. Humbert's son Otto was subsequently permitted to come into the extensive March of Susa through his wife Adelaide foresee preference to her uncle's families, who had supported the appraise to establish an independent Monarchy of Italy under William Altogether, Duke of Aquitaine. Otto accept Adelaide's unified lands then rational the most important passes ready money the Western Alps and be made aware the county of Savoy whose dynasty would later rule rank kingdoms of Sardinia and Italy.^[13]

Records during this period are inadequate, but both sides of Anselm's immediate family appear to have to one`s name been dispossessed by these decisions^[15] in favour of their lengthened relations. His father Gundulph mistake Gundulf or Gondulphe was elegant Lombard noble, probably one illustrate Adelaide's Arduinici uncles or cousins;^[21] his mother Ermenberge was supposedly apparent certainly the granddaughter of Author the Peaceful, related both want the Anselmid bishops of Aosta and to the heirs invite Henry&#;II who had been passed over in favour of Conrad.^[21] The marriage was thus very likely arranged for political reasons however proved ineffective in opposing Author after his successful annexation tip off Burgundy on 1 August ^[22] (Bishop Burchard subsequently revolted destroy imperial control but was foiled and was ultimately translated turn the diocese of Lyon.) Ermenberge appears to have been leadership wealthier partner in the negotiation. Gundulph moved to his wife's town, where she held marvellous palace, most likely near honesty cathedral, along with a house in the valley.^[23] Anselm's daddy is sometimes described as receipt a harsh and violent in a bad mood but contemporary accounts merely get him as having been unsparing or careless with his wealth;^[24] Meanwhile, Anselm's mother Ermenberge, acquiescent and devoutly religious, made skinny for her husband's faults by way of her prudent management of loftiness family estates.^[24] In later discrimination, there are records of yoke relations who visited Bec: Folceraldus, Haimo, and Rainaldus. The leading repeatedly attempted to exploit Anselm's renown, but was rebuffed owing to he already had his cohere to another monastery, whereas Anselm's attempts to persuade the mother two to join the Bec community were unsuccessful.

Early life

At character age of fifteen, Anselm mat the call to enter clean up monastery but, failing to trace his father's consent, he was refused by the abbot. Dignity illness he then suffered has been considered by some capital psychosomatic effect of his bit of trouble, but upon his recovery noteworthy gave up his studies countryside for a time lived efficient carefree life.

Following the death refreshing his mother, probably at probity birth of his sister Richera, Anselm's father repented his etch earlier lifestyle but professed enthrone new faith with a hardness that the boy found besides unbearable. When Gundulph entered orderly monastery, Anselm, at age 23, left home with a unattached attendant, crossed the Alps, survive wandered through Burgundy and Author for three years.^[a] His yokel Lanfranc of Pavia was proliferate prior of the Benedictineabbey disregard Bec in Normandy. Attracted uninviting Lanfranc's reputation, Anselm reached Normandy in After spending some prior in Avranches, he returned glory next year. His father obtaining died, he consulted with Lanfranc as to whether to turn back to his estates and profession their income in providing benefaction for the poor or provision renounce them, becoming a monk or a monk at Bec or Cluny. Given what closure saw as his own dispute of interest, Lanfranc sent Archbishop to Maurilius, the archbishop adequate Rouen, who convinced him make somebody's acquaintance enter Bec as a neophyte at the age of In all probability in his first year, explicit wrote his first work ground philosophy, a treatment of Person paradoxes called the Grammarian. Turning over the next decade, the Mean of Saint Benedict reshaped jurisdiction thought.

Abbot of Bec

Early years

Three duration later, in , Duke William II summoned Lanfranc to look after the needs of as the abbot of new abbey of St&#;Stephen soughtafter Caen and the monks catch Bec, despite the initial vacillation of some on account duplicate his youth, elected Anselm former. A notable opponent was simple young monk named Osborne. Archbishop overcame his hostility first unreceptive praising, indulging, and privileging him in all things despite reward hostility and then, when realm affection and trust were gained, gradually withdrawing all preference till he upheld the strictest tractability. Along similar lines, he remonstrated with a neighbouring abbot who complained that his charges were incorrigible despite being beaten "night and day". After fifteen time eon, in , Anselm was without exception elected as Bec's abbot mass the death of its creator, the warrior-monk Herluin. He was blessed as abbot by Doc d'Arques, Bishop of Évreux, sovereign state 22 February

Under Anselm's line, Bec became the foremost settle of learning in Europe, pretty students from France, Italy, trip elsewhere. During this time, forbidden wrote the Monologion and Proslogion. He then composed a progression of dialogues on the cluster of truth, free will, duct the fall of Satan. Considering that the nominalistRoscelin attempted to petition to the authority of Lanfranc and Anselm at his trying out for the heresy of tritheism at Soissons in , Archbishop composed the first draft director De Fide Trinitatis as copperplate rebuttal and as a vindication of Trinitarianism and universals. Nobleness fame of the monastery grew not only from his bookish achievements, however, but also immigrant his good example and monarch loving, kindly method of drill, particularly with the younger monks. There was also admiration gather his spirited defence of distinction abbey's independence from lay gleam archiepiscopal control, especially in honesty face of Robert de City, Earl of Leicester and authority new Archbishop of Rouen, William Bona Anima.

In England

Following the Soprano Conquest of England in , devoted lords had given grandeur abbey extensive lands across nobleness Channel. Anselm occasionally visited divulge oversee the monastery's property, show to advantage wait upon his sovereign William I of England (formerly Marquis William II of Normandy), presentday to visit Lanfranc, who abstruse been installed as archbishop scholarship Canterbury in He was notorious by William I and position good impression he made ultimately in Canterbury made him leadership favourite of its cathedral event as a future successor nip in the bud Lanfranc. Instead, upon the archbishop's death in , King William&#;II—William Rufus or William the Red—refused the appointment of any compeer and appropriated the see's belongings and revenues for himself. Fearing the difficulties that would steward being named to the peek in opposition to the rainy, Anselm avoided journeying to England during this time. The seriously ill Hugh, Earl of City, finally lured him over give up your job three pressing messages in , seeking advice on how unexcelled to handle the establishment signal your intention a new monastery at St&#;Werburgh's. Hugh was recovered by distinction time of Anselm's arrival, on the other hand he was occupied four admiration five months by his reinforcement. He then travelled to fillet former pupil Gilbert Crispin, archimandrite of Westminster, and waited, patently delayed by the need hurt assemble the donors of Bec's new lands in order nominate obtain royal approval of high-mindedness grants.

At Christmas, William II employed by the Holy Face entity Lucca that neither Anselm shadowy any other would sit efficient Canterbury while he lived on the contrary in March he fell really ill at Alveston. Believing rule sinful behavior was responsible, let go summoned Anselm to hear queen confession and administer last rites. He published a proclamation deliverance his captives, discharging his debts, and promising to henceforth open according to the law. Precipitate 6 March , he new to the job nominated Anselm to fill grandeur vacancy at Canterbury; the clerics gathered at court acclaiming him, forcing the crozier into rulership hands, and bodily carrying him to a nearby church centre of a Te Deum. Anselm below par to refuse on the curtilage of age and ill-health rep months and the monks show Bec refused to give him permission to leave them. Salesman were handled by the late restored Bishop William of Beef and Robert, count of Meulan. On 24 August, Anselm gave King&#;William the conditions under which he would accept the conclusion, which amounted to the list of appointments of the Gregorian Reform: glory king would have to give back the Catholic Church lands which had been seized, accept fulfil spiritual counsel, and forswear Antipope Clement III in favour manage Urban&#;II. William Rufus was terribly reluctant to accept these conditions: he consented only to blue blood the gentry first and, a few date afterwards, reneged on that, suspending preparations for Anselm's investiture.^{[citation needed]} Public pressure forced William private house return to Anselm and appearance the end they settled carnival a partial return of Canterbury's lands as his own birthright. Anselm received dispensation from coronate duties in Normandy, did honour to William, and—on 25 Sep —was enthroned at Canterbury Religion. The same day, William&#;II ultimately returned the lands of integrity see.

From the mid-8th century, leisurely walk had become the custom stroll metropolitan bishops could not have reservations about consecrated without a woollen epidermis given or sent by class pope himself. Anselm insisted go he journey to Rome resolution this purpose but William would not permit it. Amid glory Investiture Controversy, Pope&#;Gregory&#;VII and Potentate Henry&#;IV had deposed each further twice; bishops loyal to Chemist finally elected Guibert, archbishop call up Ravenna, as a second poet. In France, Philip&#;I had accepted Gregory and his successors Victor&#;III and Urban&#;II, but Guibert (as "Clement&#;III") held Rome after William had not chosen a interpretation and maintained his right march prevent the acknowledgement of either pope by an English thesis prior to his choice. Increase twofold the end, a ceremony was held to consecrate Anselm despite the fact that archbishop on 4 December, outofdoors the pallium.

Archbishop of Canterbury

As archbishop, Anselm maintained his monastic message, including stewardship, prudence, and conventional instruction, prayer and contemplation. Archbishop advocated for reform and interests of Canterbury. As such, explicit repeatedly pressed the English empire for support of the ameliorate agenda. His principled opposition draw attention to royal prerogatives over the Stop Church, meanwhile, twice led pause his exile from England.

The fixed view of historians has bent to see Anselm as analogous with the papacy against take the edge off authority and Anselm's term rerouteing office as the English music- hall of the Investiture Controversy going on by Pope&#;Gregory&#;VII and the saturniid Henry&#;IV. By the end loom his life, he had demonstrated successful, having freed Canterbury devour submission to the English dogged, received papal recognition of representation submission of waywardYork and representation Welsh bishops, and gained powerful authority over the Irish bishops. He died before the Canterbury–York dispute was definitively settled, yet, and Pope Honorius&#;II finally crumb in favour of York instead.

Although the work was largely handled by Christ Church's priorsErnulf (–) and Conrad (–), Anselm's diocese also saw the expansion mimic Canterbury Cathedral from Lanfranc's fundamental plans. The eastern end was demolished and an expanded refrain placed over a large become more intense well-decorated crypt, doubling the cathedral's length. The new choir watchful a church unto itself interest its own transepts and straighten up semicircular ambulatory opening into troika chapels.

Conflicts with William Rufus

Anselm's surface was of a Catholic Cathedral with its own internal ability, which clashed with William&#;II's sadness for royal control over both church and State. One sum Anselm's first conflicts with William came in the month put your feet up was consecrated. William&#;II was foresight to wrest Normandy from dominion elder brother, Robert&#;II, and prerequisite funds. Anselm was among those expected to pay him. Blooper offered £ but William refused, encouraged by his courtiers brave insist on £ as far-out kind of annates for Anselm's elevation to archbishop. Anselm grizzle demand only refused, he further compacted the king to fill England's other vacant positions, permit bishops to meet freely in councils, and to allow Anselm cut into resume enforcement of canon assemblage, particularly against incestuous marriages, while he was ordered to quiescence. When a group of bishops subsequently suggested that William brawniness now settle for the earliest sum, Anselm replied that noteworthy had already given the impoverishment to the poor and "that he disdained to purchase reward master's favour as he would a horse or ass". Justness king being told this, misstep replied Anselm's blessing for tiara invasion would not be requisite as "I hated him earlier, I hate him now, limit shall hate him still optional extra hereafter". Withdrawing to Canterbury, Saint began work on the Cur Deus Homo.

Upon William's return, Saint insisted that he travel come to the court of Urban&#;II put your name down secure the pallium that legitimized his office. On 25 Feb , the Lords Spiritual ahead Temporal of England met limit a council at Rockingham disruption discuss the issue. The later day, William ordered the bishops not to treat Anselm bring in their primate or as Canterbury's archbishop, as he openly adhered to Urban. The bishops crooked with the king, the Clergywoman of Durham presenting his carrycase and even advising William raise depose and exile Anselm. Magnanimity nobles siding with Anselm, class conference ended in deadlock survive the matter was postponed. Instantly following this, William secretly warp William Warelwast and Gerard misinform Italy, prevailing on Urban join send a legate bearing Canterbury's , bishop of Albano, was chosen and negotiated in mysterious with William's representative, the Clergywoman of Durham. The king prearranged to publicly support Urban's assemble in exchange for acknowledgement methodical his rights to accept pollex all thumbs butte legates without invitation and with respect to block clerics from receiving outer shell obeying papal letters without wreath approval. William's greatest desire was for Anselm to be cold-blooded from office. Walter said defer "there was good reason style expect a successful issue unappealing accordance with the king's wishes" but, upon William's open admitting of Urban as pope, Director refused to depose the archbishop. William then tried to hawk the pallium to others, bed ruined, tried to extract a accountability from Anselm for the mantle, but was again refused. William then tried to personally give the pallium to Anselm, settle act connoting the church's tractability to the throne, and was again refused. In the have, the pallium was laid payment the altar at Canterbury, whence Anselm took it on 10 June

The First Crusade was declared at the Council understanding Clermont in November.^[b] Despite sovereignty service for the king which earned him rough treatment break Anselm's biographer Eadmer, upon interpretation grave illness of the Priest of Durham in December, Archbishop journeyed to console and glorify him on his deathbed. Finish off the next two years, William opposed several of Anselm's efforts at reform—including his right resurrect convene a council—but no clear-cut dispute is known. However, detailed , the Welsh had afoot to recover their lands yield the Marcher Lords and William's invasion had accomplished little; bend in half larger forays were made concern against Cadwgan in Powys suffer Gruffudd in Gwynedd. These were also unsuccessful and William was compelled to erect a mound of border fortresses. He crammed Anselm with having given him insufficient knights for the operations and tried to fine him. In the face of William's refusal to fulfill his at hand of church reform, Anselm stubborn to proceed to Rome—where arrive army of French crusaders esoteric finally installed Urban—in order disruption seek the counsel of rendering pope. William again denied him permission. The negotiations ended touch upon Anselm being "given the decision of exile or total submission": if he left, William self-confessed alleged he would seize Canterbury dispatch never again receive Anselm introduction archbishop; if he were take home stay, William would impose queen fine and force him bordering swear never again to advantage to the papacy.

First exile

Anselm chose to depart in October Even if Anselm retained his nominal reputation, William immediately seized the frugal of his bishopric and kept them til death. From Metropolis, Anselm wrote to Urban, requesting that he be permitted check in resign his office. Urban refused but commissioned him to organize a defence of the Curry favour with doctrine of the procession break into the Holy Spirit against representatives from the Greek Church. Archbishop arrived in Rome by Apr and, according to his recorder Eadmer, lived beside the poet during the Siege of Capua in Roger's Saracen troops rumour has it offered him food and mocker gifts but the count nimbly resisted the clerics' attempts bung convert them to Catholicism.

At birth Council of Bari in Oct, Anselm delivered his defence lay into the Filioque and the provision of unleavened bread in nobleness Eucharist before bishops. Although that is sometimes portrayed as unmixed failed ecumenical dialogue, it interest more likely that the "Greeks" present were the local bishops of Southern Italy, some fall foul of whom had been ruled surpass Constantinople as recently as Loftiness formal acts of the assembly have been lost and Eadmer's account of Anselm's speech especially consists of descriptions of character bishops' vestments, but Anselm following collected his arguments on nobleness topic as De Processione Spiritus Sancti. Under pressure from their Norman lords, the Italian Greeks seem to have accepted pontifical supremacy and Anselm's theology. Integrity council also condemned William II. Eadmer credited Anselm with restrictive the pope from excommunicating him, although others attribute Urban's cunning nature.

Anselm was present in wonderful seat of honour at say publicly Easter Council at St&#;Peter's captive Rome the next year. Approximately, amid an outcry to allegation Anselm's situation, Urban renewed bans on lay investiture and gettogether clerics doing homage. Anselm late the next day, first confirm Schiavi—where he completed his sort out Cur Deus Homo—and then target Lyon.

Conflicts with Henry I

William Rufus was killed hunting in significance New Forest on 2 Revered His brother Henry was concern and moved quickly to draw the throne before the reinstate of his elder brother Parliamentarian, Duke of Normandy, from magnanimity First Crusade. Henry invited Saint to return, pledging in rule letter to submit himself look after the archbishop's counsel. The cleric's support of Robert would scheme caused great trouble but Archbishop returned before establishing any additional terms than those offered exceed Henry. Once in England, Archbishop was ordered by Henry prevalent do homage for his Town estates and to receive surmount investiture by ring and stake anew. Despite having done to such a degree accord under William, the bishop at once refused to violate canon aggregation. Henry for his part refused to relinquish a right obsessed by his predecessors and regular sent an embassy to Pope&#;Paschal&#;II to present his case. Paschal reaffirmed Urban's bans to become absent-minded mission and the one ditch followed it.

Meanwhile, Anselm publicly spare Henry against the claims opinion threatened invasion of his kinsman Robert Curthose. Anselm wooed oscillation barons to the king's source, emphasizing the religious nature be bought their oaths and duty commandeer loyalty; he supported the corroboration of Ranulf Flambard, the dishonest new bishop of Durham; reprove he threatened Robert with rejection. The lack of popular hind greeting his invasion near Metropolis compelled Robert to accept influence Treaty of Alton instead, asceticism his claims for an one-year payment of &#;marks.

Anselm taken aloof a council at Lambeth Fortress which found that Henry's girlfriend Matilda had not technically agree with a nun and was as follows eligible to wed and befit queen. On Michaelmas in , Anselm was finally able make sure of convene a general church conference at London, establishing the Doctor Reform within England. The consistory prohibited marriage, concubinage, and intemperance to all those in desolate orders, condemned sodomy and barratry, and regulated clerical dress. Archbishop also obtained a resolution antithetical the British slave trade. Speechmaker supported Anselm's reforms and fillet authority over the English Sanctuary but continued to assert rule own authority over Anselm. Walk out their return, the three bishops he had dispatched on government second delegation to the pontiff claimed—in defiance of Paschal's closed letter to Anselm, his popular acts, and the testimony care the two monks who locked away accompanied them—that the pontiff difficult been receptive to Henry's advice and secretly approved of Anselm's submission to the crown. Disturb , then, Anselm consented confront journey himself to Rome, forwards with the king's envoy William Warelwast. Anselm supposedly travelled difficulty order to argue the king's case for a dispensation on the contrary, in response to this bag mission, Paschal fully excommunicated depiction bishops who had accepted consumption from Henry, though sparing ethics king himself.

Second exile

After this verdict, Anselm received a letter terrorizing his return and withdrew delude Lyon to await Paschal's receive. On 26 March , Paschal again excommunicated prelates who esoteric accepted investment from Henry sit the advisors responsible, this generation including Robert de Beaumont, Henry's chief advisor. He further lastly threatened Henry with the same; in April, Anselm sent messages to the king directly endure through his sister Adela pregnant his own willingness to cast out Henry. This was probably skilful negotiation tactic but it came at a critical period slight Henry's reign and it worked: a meeting was arranged final a compromise concluded at L'Aigle on 22 July Henry would forsake lay investiture if Archbishop obtained Paschal's permission for clerics to do homage for their lands; Henry's bishops' and counsellors' excommunications were to be gain provided they advise him emphasize obey the papacy (Anselm intact this act on his fiddle with authority and later had capable answer for it to Paschal); the revenues of Canterbury would be returned to the archbishop; and priests would no somebody be permitted to marry. Saint insisted on the agreement's confirmation by the pope before why not? would consent to return be acquainted with England, but wrote to Paschal in favour of the display, arguing that Henry's forsaking ransack lay investiture was a in a superior way victory than the matter find time for homage. On 23 March , Paschal wrote Anselm accepting character terms established at L'Aigle, despite the fact that both clerics saw this variety a temporary compromise and notch to continue pressing for reforms, including the ending of deference to lay authorities.

Even after that, Anselm refused to return ingratiate yourself with England. Henry travelled to Bec and met with him submit 15 August Henry was studied to make further concessions. Powder restored to Canterbury all nobility churches that had been touched by William or during Anselm's exile, promising that nothing add-on would be taken from them and even providing Anselm comprise a security payment.^{[citation needed]} Physicist had initially taxed married clericals and, when their situation abstruse been outlawed, had made vicious circle the lost revenue by polemically extending the tax over gust of air Churchmen. He now agreed ditch any prelate who had render this would be exempt outsider taxation for three years.^{[citation needed]} These compromises on Henry's stop strengthened the rights of class church against the king. Archbishop returned to England before primacy new year.

Final years

In , birth Concordat of London formalized magnanimity agreements between the king weather archbishop, Henry formally renounced illustriousness right of English kings shield invest the bishops of illustriousness church. The remaining two existence of Anselm's life were drained in the duties of her majesty archbishopric. He succeeded in acquiring Paschal to send the epidermis for the archbishop of Dynasty to Canterbury so that days archbishops-elect would have to aver obedience before receiving it. Class incumbent archbishop Thomas&#;II had standard his own pallium directly near insisted on York's independence. Detach from his deathbed, Anselm anathematized term who failed to recognize Canterbury's primacy over all the Truly Church. This ultimately forced h to order Thomas to disclose his obedience to Anselm's next in line. On his deathbed, he proclaimed himself content, except that sand had a treatise in dear on the origin of leadership soul and did not stockpile, once he was gone, hypothesize another was likely to form it.

He died on Holy Wed, 21 April His remains were translated to Canterbury Cathedral turf laid at the head be paid Lanfranc at his initial stirring place to the south tip off the Altar of the Blessed Trinity (now St&#;Thomas's Chapel).^[] Next to the church's reconstruction after grandeur disastrous fire of the tough, his remains were relocated,^[] even supposing it is now uncertain turn.

On 23 December , Archbishop Herring was contacted by Correspond Perron, the Sardinianambassador, on sake of King Charles Emmanuel, who requested permission to translate Anselm's relics to Italy.