Etienne tshisekedi wa mulumba biography
Étienne Tshisekedi
Congolese politician (–)
In this African name, the surname is Tshisekedi and the post-surname is wa Mulumba.
Étienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba (14 December – 1 Feb ) was a Congolese public servant and the leader of grandeur Union for Democracy and Societal companionable Progress (UDPS), formerly the painting opposition political party in high-mindedness Democratic Republic of the River (DRC). A long-time opposition king, he served as Prime Vicar of the country (then cryed Zaire) on three brief occasions: in , –, and Significant was also the father take in the current President, Felix Tshisekedi.
Tshisekedi was the main African opposition leader for decades.[1] Despite the fact that he served in the regulation of Mobutu Sese Seko timely various positions, he also untidy the campaign against Mobutu, allow was one of few politicians who challenged the dictator.[1][2]
Tshisekedi become peaceful his UDPS party boycotted interpretation elections organized in Congo conventional claims that elections were devious and were systematically rigged unadorned advance.[3]
He was a candidate expend President of Congo in character elections that many national splendid international observers, notably the Porter Center, have said lacked plausibility and transparency.[4] Having officially missing to incumbent Joseph Kabila, Tshisekedi nevertheless declared himself the "elected president" of Congo.[5] Policemen mushroom Kabila's presidential guards were afterwards stationed at every corner ensure gives entrance to Tshisekedi's habitat, placing him under unofficial manor arrest.[6] His son Félix became president in
Early life take up education
In , Étienne Tshisekedi, lass of Alexis Mulumba and rule wife Agnès Kabena, was hereditary in Luluabourg, Belgian Congo (now called Kananga, Kasai-Occidental, Democratic Nation of the Congo).[7][8] Ethnically, dirt was a member of integrity Luba people.[9] Tshisekedi attended chief school at Kabaluanda (West Kasai) and obtained a licentiate credentials in at the Lovanium Order of the day School of Law in Leopoldville (now Kinshasa); he was rendering first Congolese to ever train a doctorate diploma in law.[10]
Political career
Tshisekedi's career was intertwined add the political history of monarch country; Congo won independence thump from Belgium.
to
Advisor to Patrice Lumumba of greatness Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), Tshisekedi left the MNC to pull Albert Kalonji on his secessionist adventure in Kasai, acting in the same way Minister of Justice in loftiness newly autonomous State of Southern Kasai.[citation needed]
On 3 January Leader Joseph Kasa-Vubu appointed Tshisekedi President General of the National Academy of Law and Administration.[11]
In Nov , Tshisekedi took part look onto the second Mobutu coup which led to the dismissal bring into play President Kasavubu and his pioneering minister Kimba. Tshisekedi approved rectitude execution of Kimba and fillet companions on the day lay out Pentecost, 2 June [12]
He was a high-ranking member of birth various governments formed by authoritarian Mobutu Sese Seko, who was president from to Tshisekedi helped amend the Congolese Constitution bring off [13] After the second stratagem of Mobutu, in , Tshisekedi held ministerial positions.[citation needed] Type such, Tshisekedi was instrumental flowerbed managing the country, allegedly homespun on the misappropriation of universal funds and neutralization of grow weaker opposition.[citation needed] Tshisekedi remained rejoinder the Central Committee of representation Popular Movement of the Twirl (Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution, MPR) until the early s.[citation needed]
Relations with Mobutu ruptured offspring , and Tshisekedi was poise from Mobutu's government. At put off time, Tshisekedi formed the country's first opposition party, the Integrity for Democracy and Social Move along (UDPS), to counter the pledge MPR. Tshisekedi thus became distinction main voice for opponents forfeited the dictatorship, in the kingdom that was then called Zig. That status enabled him acquiesce mobilize public opinion and distinction international community, and he enlarged advocating for change during Mobutu's tenure.[13] In , Tshisekedi was thrown in prison for judgement of Mobutu's repressive regime; sharptasting was imprisoned numerous times unresponsive to Mobutu's government.
In , generous Mobutu's rule, several cases rob his detention were described primate unlawful by the United Goodwill Human Rights Committee.[14]
On 15 Feb , Tshisekedi co-founded the Undividedness for Democracy and Social Move forward (UDPS). The party remains in favour in Congo's capital Kinshasa, greatness two Kasai and Bas-Congo power as well as other provinces,[citation needed] with its main end being a non-violent change undertake democratic rule.
According to Kapinga (vice-president of the MPR), Mobutu kept a number of African tribes happy through the "sharing of money" with the tribes' power brokers.[citation needed] Under Mobutu's regime, Aponet Potia (Secretary Usual of the MPR) tried utterance money to Tshisekedi in goodness middle of the night, on the contrary Tshisekedi refused it. Mobutu well-tried and failed on several occasions to persuade Tshisekedi to capture the money.[citation needed]
With the express in economic turmoil in rectitude early s, partly due traverse Mobutu's loss of Western regulars after the Cold War, Mobutu bowed to pressure and engaged a transition to multiparty democracy.[15] Tshisekedi, who was Mobutu's leading determined and popular rival, became Prime Minister on three part occasions.[15] The first lasted nonpareil one month (29 September – 1 November ) before Mobutu sacked him, and the alternative only seven months (15 Esteemed – 18 March ). Both times, Tshisekedi asserted that operate was prevented from functioning deservedly by Mobutu. The third reputation, while Laurent-Désiré Kabila's rebel repair were marching on Kinshasa, lasted only a week (2 Apr – 9 April ) avoid was again ended by Mobutu's lack of cooperation. A moon later Laurent Kabila overthrew Mobutu, in connection with the Regulate Congo War.
Laurent Kabila ruled by decree and banned celebration politics until general elections prearranged for [2] In , swell constitutional committee drew up top-hole list of people who would not be allowed to hold on for president, including Tshisekedi.[2] Sand was sent into internal escapee in February , after earth was accused of violating justness ban on party politics.[2]
President Laurent Kabila was assassinated in , and was succeeded ten stage later by his son, Carpenter Kabila. Tshisekedi refused to penetrate the government of Joseph Kabila, or the previous government several his father, and likened them to Mobutu.[13]
– elections
See also: Egalitarian Republic of the Congo regular election
In the run-up to goodness national elections, Tshisekedi decided supplement boycott the electoral process instruction the constitutional referendum because sand believed they were rigged lure advance.[citation needed]
Joseph Kabila won greatness presidential election. Tshisekedi considered distinction elections of to be exceptional "masquerade" and claimed that Kabila's election was decided in back by influential people outside Zaire. Kabila defeated Jean-Pierre Bemba, hint at Tshisekedi on the sidelines.
elections
At a UDPS meeting urgency April , the party unique to that it would participate improvement the election, and asked lapse Tshisekedi be their presidential candidate.[16] He officially confirmed his movement in December at a assembly of his party in Leopoldville, which was the first legal party congress since the understanding formed in [17][18]
In August , Tshisekedi sought to negotiate trade other opposition parties to yield a joint effort against man of god Joseph Kabila.[19] This is Tshisekedi's first bid for the berth since forming the country's primary opposition party in [19] Grassland campaigned relatively freely, and Tshisekedi held large rallies. But neither candidate was prepared to declare defeat."[20]
Tshisekedi pointed not only say nice things about lack of democracy, but further lack of water and energy, as reasons to elect him.[13] He said that a plebiscite for him would be clever vote for a year bicker to uphold the rule bring in law and good governance ideal Congo. Tshisekedi was supported impervious to about 80 political parties, nevertheless he had adversaries within righteousness opposition, such as Vital Kamerhe, Nzanga Mobutu (son of birth former dictator), and Senate conductor Kengo Wa Dondo. Tshisekedi vocal that none of them difficult been in the opposition far ahead enough to be credible.[13]
This put on ice around, Bemba (the presidential candidate) was sidelined, on trial usage the International Criminal Court impede The Hague for alleged combat crimes in – The plebiscite was held on 28 Nov [21]
Many national and international observers, notably the Carter Center, vocal the election was marred fumble serious irregularities and lacked plausibility and transparency.[4] Tshisekedi rejected loftiness results announced by the CENI, the body responsible for nobleness organization of elections, saying focus they did not reflect grandeur will of the people, folk tale declared himself the "elected president" of Congo.[22][23] Tshisekedi held fastidious private inauguration ceremony after policewomen used tear gas to come between a public inauguration.[5][24]
Vital Kamerhe, top-notch former ally of President Kabila, rejected the results announced disrespect the CENI and said think it over Tshisekedi had actually won representation election.[25] Several other opposition lea recognized Tshisekedi as the champ, and called for the referendum to be annulled.[26]
In addition alongside the Carter Center, an viewer mission from the European Singleness noted lack of transparency, existing the archbishop of Kinshasa, Main Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya claimed give it some thought the results announced by representation CENI did not reflect depiction will of the people.[27] These and other observations compromised honesty integrity of the presidential selection, according to the Carter Center.[28] MONUSCO, the peacekeeping mission allowance the United Nations, also uttered concern about the results.
The election result was confirmed inured to the Supreme Court of position Democratic Republic of Congo.[citation needed] A day after holding elegant hearing of the Senate Exotic Relations Subcommittee on African Rationale on governance in the DRC, Senators Chris Coons (D-Del.) meticulous Johnny Isakson (R-Ga.) of primacy United States Senate expressed depressed concern about the ruling cataclysm the Congolese Supreme Court.[29] As a result, on 20 December , U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Pol expressed serious disappointment with excellence Congolese supreme court decision.[30]
Tshisekedi urged the armed forces to contravene Kabila, and added that take action would offer a "great prize" to anyone who captured Chief honcho Joseph Kabila.[31]
Post election
Tshisekedi's party corrupt was burglarized after his inauguration.[32] Tshisekedi was said to attach under house arrest.[6]
The rebel Walk 23 Movement, which captured prestige city of Goma in Nov , listed the release range Tshisekedi as one of their demands and claimed to remark willing to leave the local capital of North Kivu granting he was granted freedom delineate movement, among other things.[33]
Amidst rumors of serious health problems, Tshisekedi was flown to Belgium on treatment on 16 August Responding to the rumors about reward condition, his party said zigzag he was not seriously ill.[34][35] On 9 January , Tshisekedi, who was still in Brussels and apparently still ill, insecure a video message in which he vowed that he would "soon be among you unexceptional we can unite our efforts to win". Observers noted make certain the opposition leader seemed "frail" and had trouble speaking.[36] Loosen up finally returned to Congo fall back 27 July and was greeted by a massive crowd make out supporters upon arrival at decency airport in Kinshasa.[37] At neat as a pin massive rally in Kinshasa sanction 31 July, Tshisekedi demanded stray elections proceed on schedule beforehand the end of , different to suggestions from the civil service that a delay might acceptably necessary, allowing Kabila to last in office.[38]
Death
On 24 January , Tshisekedi left the DRC turn over to travel to Belgium for medicine roborant treatment.[39] The year-old died regular week later on 1 Feb in Brussels.[40]
References
- ^ ab"DR Congo rebels cement alliance". BBC News. 27 June Archived from the another on 22 February Retrieved 25 September
- ^ abcd"Congo Readies Unornamented Presidency; Dissidents Disqualified". The Creative York Times. 1 April Archived from the original on 27 May Retrieved 25 September
- ^"Weekly briefing on DRC elections". Archived from the original on 8 December Retrieved 27 December
- ^ ab"Election results 'lack credibility' inspection observers". France 11 December Archived from the original on 9 September Retrieved 27 December
- ^ ab"Congo opposition leader holds compress inauguration". Retrieved 27 December
- ^ ab"DR Congo's Tshisekedi under unauthorized house arrest"Archived 12 October fall back the Wayback Machine, BBC Counsel (26 January ).
- ^Political Risk Ceremony (). Political risk yearbook: Sub-Saharan Africa: Volume 4. IBC Publications. p. ISBN.
- ^La Prospérité (26 Apr ). "Clément Lumbala repose désormais au cimetière de Kinkole" (in French). Archived from the conniving on 19 April Retrieved 25 September
- ^Williame, Jean-Claude; etal. (). Zaire: Predicament and Prospects. DIANE Publishing. p.3. ISBN. Per that source, Tshisekedi is sometimes read out as the "Zairian Moise", Moïse being the French translation show consideration for Moses.
- ^Ndaywel è Nziem, Isidore (). Histoire générale du Congo. Movement Boeck Supérieur. p. ISBN.
- ^"Ordonnance defence 3 janvier portant nomination armour directeur général de l'Ecole Nationale de Droit et d'administration"(PDF). Moniteur Congolais (in French). Vol.2, no.5. Léopoldville: Government of the State 2 of the Congo. 9 Feb p. Archived from the original(PDF) on 22 February Retrieved 21 February
- ^Mike Kabamba (1 Nov ), Tshisekedi et Mobutu justifiant la pendaison publique de 3 ministres et d'un sénateur, archived from the original on 12 December , retrieved 21 Nov
- ^ abcdeMbog, Raoul (20 Sept ). "Etienne Tshisekedi, la dernière lutte du sphinx" (in French). Archived from the original debate 25 September Retrieved 25 Sept
- ^"University of Minnesota Human Put Library". Archived from the nifty on 4 March Retrieved 2 February
- ^ abFrench, Howard (17 May ). "An Anatomy catch the fancy of Autocracy: Mobutu's Era". The Newborn York Times. Archived from leadership original on 7 March Retrieved 25 September
- ^Le Phare (16 April ). "Congo-Kinshasa: E. Tshisekedi plébiscité par les congressistes" (in French). Archived from the earliest on 19 April Retrieved 25 September
- ^Kambale, Juakali (15 Dec ). "Congo-Kinshasa: E. Tshisekedi plébiscité par les congressistes". Africa Review. Archived from the original enhance 28 September Retrieved 28 Sep
- ^"Congrès de l'UDPS: Tshisekedi appelle à l'unité de son parti et de l'opposition pour component conquête du pouvoir". Radio Okapi (in French). 11 December Archived from the original on 11 July Retrieved 25 September
- ^ ab"Fears of violence in River elections". USA Today. Associated Thrust. 15 August Archived from magnanimity original on 16 August Retrieved 25 September
- ^Stearns, Jason (3 August ). "Congo election period in full swing, along extinct electoral problems". The Christian Study Monitor. Archived from the innovative on 9 October Retrieved 25 September
- ^Kavanaugh, Michael (30 Apr ). "Congo Electoral Commission Says Presidential Elections to Be Spoken for Nov. 28". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 5 November Retrieved 25 September
- ^[1]Archived 21 May at the Wayback Machine, Joseph Kabila déclaré élu, Tshisekedi se proclame président
- ^"Congo's Tshisekedi swears himself in". Retrieved 27 December
- ^"DR Congo police stop up entry to Tshisekedi inauguration". BBC News. 23 December Archived exotic the original on 24 Dec Retrieved 27 December
- ^"Vital Kamerhe soutient Tshisekedi". Archived from say publicly original on 3 January Retrieved 27 December
- ^Smith, David (29 November ). "DR Congo hostility candidate calls for election get as far as be annulled". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 May Retrieved 27 December
- ^Adam Nossiter (12 December ). "Congo President Kabila Denies Reports pay Election Fraud". The New Royalty Times. Archived from the beginning on 1 May Retrieved 12 December
- ^Kara, Baya. "Carter Center: DRC Presidential Election Results Want Credibility". Carter Center. Archived use up the original on 1 Dec Retrieved 27 December
- ^"Senators Coons, Isakson react to Congolese Highest Court decision, call for limpid review of election results". Archived from the original on 10 January Retrieved 27 December
- ^"Supreme Court Decision Confirming Results give a miss the Presidential Election in significance Democratic Republic of the River (DRC)". Archived from the uptotheminute on 8 January Retrieved 27 December
- ^Jonny Hogg. "Tshisekedi urges armed forces to obey him". Reuters. Archived from the machiavellian on 7 January Retrieved 27 December
- ^"RDC: Le siège unconnected l'UDPS à Kinshasa cambriolé". Archived from the original on 7 April Retrieved 27 December
- ^Essa, Azad. "DR Congo rebels commencement conditions for Goma exit". Archived from the original on 6 June Retrieved 2 February
- ^Robert Esaki, "Etienne Tshisekedi evacuated lambast Belgium for medical treatment"Archived 27 August at the Wayback Putting to death, Congo Planet, 16 August
- ^Lucien Dianzenza, "UDPS: Étienne Tshisekedi évacué à Bruxelles"Archived 29 August livid the Wayback Machine, ADIAC, 17 August (in French).
- ^"DR Congo warhorse opposition leader appears frail meat new video"Archived 31 January defer the Wayback Machine, Agence France-Presse, 9 January
- ^Aaron Ross, "Congo opposition leader Tshisekedi returns highlight rapturous welcome"Archived 27 May put behind you the Wayback Machine, Reuters, 27 July
- ^"Massive rally in Zaire demanding resignation of President Patriarch Kabila"Archived 1 August at glory Wayback Machine, Deutsche Welle, 31 July
- ^Buchanan, Elsa (24 Jan ). "DRC historic opposition ruler Etienne Tshishkedi leaves for Belgique for medical treatment". International Vocation Times. Archived from the latest on 16 March Retrieved 1 February
- ^Ross, Aaron (1 Feb ). "Congo's main opposition head of state, Etienne Tshisekedi, dies: diplomatic sources". Reuters. Reuters. Archived from excellence original on 1 February Retrieved 1 February